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be taken in three ways, corresponding to the position of the middle term in the
figures. For it may be taken as in the first figure or the second or the third. For
example the proof that a woman is with child because she has milk is in the
first figure: for to have milk is the middle term. Let A represent to be with
child, B to have milk, C woman. The proof that wise men are good, since
Pittacus is good, comes through the last figure. Let A stand for good, B for
wise men, C for Pittacus. It is true then to affirm both A and B of C: only men
do not say the latter, because they know it, though they state the former. The
proof that a woman is with child because she is pale is meant to come through
the middle figure: for since paleness follows women with child and is a
concomitant of this woman, people suppose it has been proved that she is
with child. Let A stand for paleness, B for being with child, C for woman.
Now if the one proposition is stated, we have only a sign, but if the other is
stated as well, a syllogism, e.g. ‘Pittacus is generous, since ambitious men are
generous and Pittacus is ambitious.’ Or again ‘Wise men are good, since
Pittacus is not only good but wise.’ In this way then syllogisms are formed,
only that which proceeds through the first figure is irrefutable if it is true (for
it is universal), that which proceeds through the last figure is refutable even if
the conclusion is true, since the syllogism is not universal nor correlative to
the matter in question: for though Pittacus is good, it is not therefore
necessary that all other wise men should be good. But the syllogism which
proceeds through the middle figure is always refutable in any case: for a
syllogism can never be formed when the terms are related in this way: for
though a woman with child is pale, and this woman also is pale, it is not
necessary that she should be with child. Truth then may be found in signs
whatever their kind, but they have the differences we have stated.
We must either divide signs in the way stated, and among them designate
the middle term as the index (for people call that the index which makes us
know, and the middle term above all has this character), or else we must call
the arguments derived from the extremes signs, that derived from the middle
term the index: for that which is proved through the first figure is most
generally accepted and most true.
It is possible to infer character from features, if it is granted that the body
and the soul are changed together by the natural affections: I say ‘natural’, for
though perhaps by learning music a man has made some change in his soul,
this is not one of those affections which are natural to us; rather I refer to
passions and desires when I speak of natural emotions. If then this were
granted and also that for each change there is a corresponding sign, and we
could state the affection and sign proper to each kind of animal, we shall be
able to infer character from features. For if there is an affection which belongs
properly to an individual kind, e.g. courage to lions, it is necessary that there
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Buch The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Titel
- The Complete Aristotle
- Autor
- Aristotle
- Datum
- ~322 B.C.
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- Abmessungen
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Seiten
- 2328
- Schlagwörter
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Kategorien
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156