Seite - 224 - in The Complete Aristotle
Bild der Seite - 224 -
Text der Seite - 224 -
3
Moreover, if a term be used in several senses, and it has been laid down
that it is or that it is not an attribute of S, you should show your case of one of
its several senses, if you cannot show it of both. This rule is to be observed in
cases where the difference of meaning is undetected; for supposing this to be
obvious, then the other man will object that the point which he himself
questioned has not been discussed, but only the other point. This
commonplace rule is convertible for purposes both of establishing and of
overthrowing a view. For if we want to establish a statement, we shall show
that in one sense the attribute belongs, if we cannot show it of both senses:
whereas if we are overthrowing a statement, we shall show that in one sense
the attribute does not belong, if we cannot show it of both senses. Of course,
in overthrowing a statement there is no need to start the discussion by
securing any admission, either when the statement asserts or when it denies
the attribute universally: for if we show that in any case whatever the attribute
does not belong, we shall have demolished the universal assertion of it, and
likewise also if we show that it belongs in a single case, we shall demolish the
universal denial of it. Whereas in establishing a statement we ought to secure
a preliminary admission that if it belongs in any case whatever, it belongs
universally, supposing this claim to be a plausible one. For it is not enough to
discuss a single instance in order to show that an attribute belongs
universally; e.g. to argue that if the soul of man be immortal, then every soul
is immortal, so that a previous admission must be secured that if any soul
whatever be immortal, then every soul is immortal. This is not to be done in
every case, but only whenever we are not easily able to quote any single
argument applying to all cases in common, as (e.g.) the geometrician can
argue that the triangle has its angles equal to two right angles.
If, again, the variety of meanings of a term be obvious, distinguish how
many meanings it has before proceeding either to demolish or to establish it:
e.g. supposing ‘the right’ to mean ‘the expedient’ or ‘the honourable’, you
should try either to establish or to demolish both descriptions of the subject in
question; e.g. by showing that it is honourable and expedient, or that it is
neither honourable nor expedient. Supposing, however, that it is impossible to
show both, you should show the one, adding an indication that it is true in the
one sense and not in the other. The same rule applies also when the number of
senses into which it is divided is more than two.
Again, consider those expressions whose meanings are many, but differ not
by way of ambiguity of a term, but in some other way: e.g. ‘The science of
many things is one’: here ‘many things’ may mean the end and the means to
that end, as (e.g.) medicine is the science both of producing health and of
224
zurück zum
Buch The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Titel
- The Complete Aristotle
- Autor
- Aristotle
- Datum
- ~322 B.C.
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- Abmessungen
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Seiten
- 2328
- Schlagwörter
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Kategorien
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156