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also âwell-starredâ may be taken to mean the man whose star is good, as
Xenocrates says âwell-starred is he who has a noble soulâ.â For a manâs star is
his soul.
Some things occur of necessity, others usually, others however it may
chance; if therefore a necessary event has been asserted to occur usually, or if
a usual event (or, failing such an event itself, its contrary) has been stated to
occur of necessity, it always gives an opportunity for attack. For if a necessary
event has been asserted to occur usually, clearly the speaker has denied an
attribute to be universal which is universal, and so has made a mistake: and so
he has if he has declared the usual attribute to be necessary: for then he
declares it to belong universally when it does not so belong. Likewise also if
he has declared the contrary of what is usual to be necessary. For the contrary
of a usual attribute is always a comparatively rare attribute: e.g. if men are
usually bad, they are comparatively seldom good, so that his mistake is even
worse if he has declared them to be good of necessity. The same is true also if
he has declared a mere matter of chance to happen of necessity or usually; for
a chance event happens neither of necessity nor usually. If the thing happens
usually, then even supposing his statement does not distinguish whether he
meant that it happens usually or that it happens necessarily, it is open to you
to discuss it on the assumption that he meant that it happens necessarily: e.g.
if he has stated without any distinction that disinherited persons are bad, you
may assume in discussing it that he means that they are so necessarily.
Moreover, look and see also if he has stated a thing to be an accident of
itself, taking it to be a different thing because it has a different name, as
Prodicus used to divide pleasures into joy and delight and good cheer: for all
these are names of the same thing, to wit, Pleasure. If then any one says that
joyfulness is an accidental attribute of cheerfulness, he would be declaring it
to be an accidental attribute of itself.
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7
Inasmuch as contraries can be conjoined with each other in six ways, and
four of these conjunctions constitute a contrariety, we must grasp the subject
of contraries, in order that it may help us both in demolishing and in
establishing a view. Well then, that the modes of conjunction are six is clear:
for either (1) each of the contrary verbs will be conjoined to each of the
contrary objects; and this gives two modes: e.g. to do good to friends and to
do evil to enemies, or per contra to do evil to friends and to do good to
229
zurĂŒck zum
Buch The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Titel
- The Complete Aristotle
- Autor
- Aristotle
- Datum
- ~322 B.C.
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- Abmessungen
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Seiten
- 2328
- Schlagwörter
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Kategorien
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156