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or wider than, that of the genus. For if the genus, too, be some attribute that
follows everything, the denotation of the differentia will be equal to its
denotation, while if the genus do not follow everything, it will be still wider.
Moreover, see if the description ‘inherent in S’ be used of the genus
rendered in relation to its species, as it is used of ‘white’ in the case of snow,
thus showing clearly that it could not be the genus: for ‘true of S’ is the only
description used of the genus in relation to its species. Look and see also if
the genus fails to be synonymous with its species. For the genus is always
predicated of its species synonymously.
Moreover, beware, whenever both species and genus have a contrary, and
he places the better of the contraries inside the worse genus: for the result will
be that the remaining species will be found in the remaining genus, seeing
that contraries are found in contrary genera, so that the better species will be
found in the worse genus and the worse in the better: whereas the usual view
is that of the better species the genus too is better. Also see if he has placed
the species inside the worse and not inside the better genus, when it is at the
same time related in like manner to both, as (e.g.) if he has defined the ‘soul’
as a ‘form of motion’ or ‘a form of moving thing’. For the same soul is
usually thought to be a principle alike of rest and of motion, so that, if rest is
the better of the two, this is the genus into which the soul should have been
put.
Moreover, judge by means of greater and less degrees: if overthrowing a
view, see whether the genus admits of a greater degree, whereas neither the
species itself does so, nor any term that is called after it: e.g. if virtue admits
of a greater degree, so too does justice and the just man: for one man is called
‘more just than another’. If, therefore, the genus rendered admits of a greater
degree, whereas neither the species does so itself nor yet any term called after
it, then what has been rendered could not be the genus.
Again, if what is more generally, or as generally, thought to be the genus be
not so, clearly neither is the genus rendered. The commonplace rule in
question is useful especially in cases where the species appears to have
several predicates in the category of essence, and where no distinction has
been drawn between them, and we cannot say which of them is genus; e.g.
both ‘pain’ and the ‘conception of a slight’ are usually thought to be
predicates of ‘anger in the category of essence: for the angry man is both in
pain and also conceives that he is slighted. The same mode of inquiry may be
applied also to the case of the species, by comparing it with some other
species: for if the one which is more generally, or as generally, thought to be
found in the genus rendered be not found therein, then clearly neither could
the species rendered be found therein.
263
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Buch The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Titel
- The Complete Aristotle
- Autor
- Aristotle
- Datum
- ~322 B.C.
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- Abmessungen
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Seiten
- 2328
- Schlagwörter
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Kategorien
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156