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demolish the proposition ‘Socrates is sitting’, and still be no nearer a solution
of the argument; it may be true that the point claimed is false; but it is not on
that that fallacy of the argument depends: for supposing that any one should
happen to be sitting and not writing, it would be impossible in such a case to
apply the same solution. Accordingly, it is not this that needs to be
demolished, but rather that ‘He who sits, writes’: for he who sits does not
always write. He, then, who has demolished the point on which the fallacy
depends, has given the solution of the argument completely. Any one who
knows that it is on such and such a point that the argument depends, knows
the solution of it, just as in the case of a figure falsely drawn. For it is not
enough to object, even if the point demolished be a falsehood, but the reason
of the fallacy should also be proved: for then it would be clear whether the
man makes his objection with his eyes open or not.
There are four possible ways of preventing a man from working his
argument to a conclusion. It can be done either by demolishing the point on
which the falsehood that comes about depends, or by stating an objection
directed against the questioner: for often when a solution has not as a matter
of fact been brought, yet the questioner is rendered thereby unable to pursue
the argument any farther. Thirdly, one may object to the questions asked: for
it may happen that what the questioner wants does not follow from the
questions he has asked because he has asked them badly, whereas if
something additional be granted the conclusion comes about. If, then, the
questioner be unable to pursue his argument farther, the objection would
properly be directed against the questioner; if he can do so, then it would be
against his questions. The fourth and worst kind of objection is that which is
directed to the time allowed for discussion: for some people bring objections
of a kind which would take longer to answer than the length of the discussion
in hand.
There are then, as we said, four ways of making objections: but of them the
first alone is a solution: the others are just hindrances and stumbling-blocks to
prevent the conclusions.
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div id=“section79” class=“section” title=“11”>
11
Adverse criticism of an argument on its own merits, and of it when
presented in the form of questions, are two different things. For often the
failure to carry through the argument correctly in discussion is due to the
person questioned, because he will not grant the steps of which a correct
339
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Buch The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Titel
- The Complete Aristotle
- Autor
- Aristotle
- Datum
- ~322 B.C.
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- Abmessungen
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Seiten
- 2328
- Schlagwörter
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Kategorien
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156