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magnitude: i.e. he assumes the consequent. Inasmuch, then, as a refutation
depending on accident consists in ignorance of what a refutation is, clearly so
also does a refutation depending on the consequent. We shall have further to
examine this in another way as well.
Those fallacies that depend upon the making of several questions into one
consist in our failure to dissect the definition of âpropositionâ. For a
proposition is a single statement about a single thing. For the same definition
applies to âone single thing onlyâ and to the âthingâ, simply, e.g. to âmanâ and
to âone single man onlyâ and likewise also in other cases. If, then, a âsingle
propositionâ be one which claims a single thing of a single thing, a
âpropositionâ, simply, will also be the putting of a question of that kind. Now
since a proof starts from propositions and refutation is a proof, refutation, too,
will start from propositions. If, then, a proposition is a single statement about
a single thing, it is obvious that this fallacy too consists in ignorance of what a
refutation is: for in it what is not a proposition appears to be one. If, then, the
answerer has returned an answer as though to a single question, there will be a
refutation; while if he has returned one not really but apparently, there will be
an apparent refutation of his thesis. All the types of fallacy, then, fall under
ignorance of what a refutation is, some of them because the contradiction,
which is the distinctive mark of a refutation, is merely apparent, and the rest
failing to conform to the definition of a proof.
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7
The deception comes about in the case of arguments that depend on
ambiguity of words and of phrases because we are unable to divide the
ambiguous term (for some terms it is not easy to divide, e.g. âunityâ, âbeingâ,
and âsamenessâ), while in those that depend on combination and division, it is
because we suppose that it makes no difference whether the phrase be
combined or divided, as is indeed the case with most phrases. Likewise also
with those that depend on accent: for the lowering or raising of the voice upon
a phrase is thought not to alter its meaning-with any phrase, or not with many.
With those that depend on the of expression it is because of the likeness of
expression. For it is hard to distinguish what kind of things are signified by
the same and what by different kinds of expression: for a man who can do this
is practically next door to the understanding of the truth. A special reason why
a man is liable to be hurried into assent to the fallacy is that we suppose every
predicate of everything to be an individual thing, and we understand it as
358
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Buch The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Titel
- The Complete Aristotle
- Autor
- Aristotle
- Datum
- ~322 B.C.
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- Abmessungen
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Seiten
- 2328
- Schlagwörter
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Kategorien
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156