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being, though it is also true that that that which perishes changes from being:
and ‘becoming’ is change to being, though it is also change from not-being.
Now a definition of motion has been given above, from which it will be
seen that every goal of motion, whether it be a form, an affection, or a place,
is immovable, as, for instance, knowledge and heat. Here, however, a
difficulty may be raised. Affections, it may be said, are motions, and
whiteness is an affection: thus there may be change to a motion. To this we
may reply that it is not whiteness but whitening that is a motion. Here also the
same distinctions are to be observed: a goal of motion may be so accidentally,
or partially and with reference to something other than itself, or directly and
with no reference to anything else: for instance, a thing which is becoming
white changes accidentally to an object of thought, the colour being only
accidentally the object of thought; it changes to colour, because white is a part
of colour, or to Europe, because Athens is a part of Europe; but it changes
essentially to white colour. It is now clear in what sense a thing is in motion
essentially, accidentally, or in respect of something other than itself, and in
what sense the phrase ‘itself directly’ is used in the case both of the mover
and of the moved: and it is also clear that the motion is not in the form but in
that which is in motion, that is to say ‘the movable in activity’. Now
accidental change we may leave out of account: for it is to be found in
everything, at any time, and in any respect. Change which is not accidental on
the other hand is not to be found in everything, but only in contraries, in
things intermediate contraries, and in contradictories, as may be proved by
induction. An intermediate may be a starting-point of change, since for the
purposes of the change it serves as contrary to either of two contraries: for the
intermediate is in a sense the extremes. Hence we speak of the intermediate as
in a sense a contrary relatively to the extremes and of either extreme as a
contrary relatively to the intermediate: for instance, the central note is low
relatively-to the highest and high relatively to the lowest, and grey is light
relatively to black and dark relatively to white.
And since every change is from something to something-as the word itself
(metabole) indicates, implying something ‘after’ (meta) something else, that
is to say something earlier and something later-that which changes must
change in one of four ways: from subject to subject, from subject to
nonsubject, from non-subject to subject, or from non-subject to non-subject,
where by ‘subject’ I mean what is affirmatively expressed. So it follows
necessarily from what has been said above that there are only three kinds of
change, that from subject to subject, that from subject to non-subject, and that
from non-subject to subject: for the fourth conceivable kind, that from non-
subject to nonsubject, is not change, as in that case there is no opposition
either of contraries or of contradictories.
482
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Buch The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Titel
- The Complete Aristotle
- Autor
- Aristotle
- Datum
- ~322 B.C.
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- Abmessungen
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Seiten
- 2328
- Schlagwörter
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Kategorien
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156