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something else, not of the organ itself. That is why we say that we hear with
what is empty and echoes, viz. because what we hear with is a chamber which
contains a bounded mass of air.
Which is it that ‘sounds’, the striking body or the struck? Is not the answer
‘it is both, but each in a different way’? Sound is a movement of what can
rebound from a smooth surface when struck against it. As we have explained’
not everything sounds when it strikes or is struck, e.g. if one needle is struck
against another, neither emits any sound. In order, therefore, that sound may
be generated, what is struck must be smooth, to enable the air to rebound and
be shaken off from it in one piece.
The distinctions between different sounding bodies show themselves only
in actual sound; as without the help of light colours remain invisible, so
without the help of actual sound the distinctions between acute and grave
sounds remain inaudible. Acute and grave are here metaphors, transferred
from their proper sphere, viz. that of touch, where they mean respectively (a)
what moves the sense much in a short time, (b) what moves the sense little in
a long time. Not that what is sharp really moves fast, and what is grave,
slowly, but that the difference in the qualities of the one and the other
movement is due to their respective speeds. There seems to be a sort of
parallelism between what is acute or grave to hearing and what is sharp or
blunt to touch; what is sharp as it were stabs, while what is blunt pushes, the
one producing its effect in a short, the other in a long time, so that the one is
quick, the other slow.
Let the foregoing suffice as an analysis of sound. Voice is a kind of sound
characteristic of what has soul in it; nothing that is without soul utters voice, it
being only by a metaphor that we speak of the voice of the flute or the lyre or
generally of what (being without soul) possesses the power of producing a
succession of notes which differ in length and pitch and timbre. The metaphor
is based on the fact that all these differences are found also in voice. Many
animals are voiceless, e.g. all non-sanuineous animals and among
sanguineous animals fish. This is just what we should expect, since voice is a
certain movement of air. The fish, like those in the Achelous, which are said
to have voice, really make the sounds with their gills or some similar organ.
Voice is the sound made by an animal, and that with a special organ. As we
saw, everything that makes a sound does so by the impact of something (a)
against something else, (b) across a space, (c) filled with air; hence it is only
to be expected that no animals utter voice except those which take in air. Once
air is inbreathed, Nature uses it for two different purposes, as the tongue is
used both for tasting and for articulating; in that case of the two functions
tasting is necessary for the animal’s existence (hence it is found more widely
831
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Buch The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Titel
- The Complete Aristotle
- Autor
- Aristotle
- Datum
- ~322 B.C.
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- Abmessungen
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Seiten
- 2328
- Schlagwörter
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Kategorien
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156