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distributed), while articulate speech is a luxury subserving its possessor’s
well-being; similarly in the former case Nature employs the breath both as an
indispensable means to the regulation of the inner temperature of the living
body and also as the matter of articulate voice, in the interests of its
possessor’s well-being. Why its former use is indispensable must be discussed
elsewhere.
The organ of respiration is the windpipe, and the organ to which this is
related as means to end is the lungs. The latter is the part of the body by
which the temperature of land animals is raised above that of all others. But
what primarily requires the air drawn in by respiration is not only this but the
region surrounding the heart. That is why when animals breathe the air must
penetrate inwards.
Voice then is the impact of the inbreathed air against the ‘windpipe’, and
the agent that produces the impact is the soul resident in these parts of the
body. Not every sound, as we said, made by an animal is voice (even with the
tongue we may merely make a sound which is not voice, or without the
tongue as in coughing); what produces the impact must have soul in it and
must be accompanied by an act of imagination, for voice is a sound with a
meaning, and is not merely the result of any impact of the breath as in
coughing; in voice the breath in the windpipe is used as an instrument to
knock with against the walls of the windpipe. This is confirmed by our
inability to speak when we are breathing either out or in-we can only do so by
holding our breath; we make the movements with the breath so checked. It is
clear also why fish are voiceless; they have no windpipe. And they have no
windpipe because they do not breathe or take in air. Why they do not is a
question belonging to another inquiry.
9
Smell and its object are much less easy to determine than what we have
hitherto discussed; the distinguishing characteristic of the object of smell is
less obvious than those of sound or colour. The ground of this is that our
power of smell is less discriminating and in general inferior to that of many
species of animals; men have a poor sense of smell and our apprehension of
its proper objects is inseparably bound up with and so confused by pleasure
and pain, which shows that in us the organ is inaccurate. It is probable that
there is a parallel failure in the perception of colour by animals that have hard
eyes: probably they discriminate differences of colour only by the presence or
absence of what excites fear, and that it is thus that human beings distinguish
smells. It seems that there is an analogy between smell and taste, and that the
species of tastes run parallel to those of smells-the only difference being that
832
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Buch The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Titel
- The Complete Aristotle
- Autor
- Aristotle
- Datum
- ~322 B.C.
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- Abmessungen
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Seiten
- 2328
- Schlagwörter
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Kategorien
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156