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sense, nor from some chance cause, but when, as has been just stated, it has
its seat in the primary organ with which one perceives objects in general. For
when this has become powerless all the other sensory organs also must lack
power to perceive; but when one of them has become powerless, it is not
necessary for this also to lose its power.
We must next state the cause to which it is due, and its quality as an
affection. Now, since there are several types of cause (for we assign equally
the ‘final’, the ‘efficient’, the ‘material’, and the ‘formal’ as causes), in the
first place, then, as we assert that Nature operates for the sake of an end, and
that this end is a good; and that to every creature which is endowed by nature
with the power to move, but cannot with pleasure to itself move always and
continuously, rest is necessary and beneficial; and since, taught by experience,
men apply to sleep this metaphorical term, calling it a ‘rest’ [from the strain of
movement implied in sense-perception]: we conclude that its end is the
conservation of animals. But the waking state is for an animal its highest end,
since the exercise of sense-perception or of thought is the highest end for all
beings to which either of these appertains; inasmuch as these are best, and the
highest end is what is best: whence it follows that sleep belongs of necessity
to each animal. I use the term ‘necessity’ in its conditional sense, meaning
that if an animal is to exist and have its own proper nature, it must have
certain endowments; and, if these are to belong to it, certain others likewise
must belong to it [as their condition.]
The next question to be discussed is that of the kind of movement or action,
taking place within their bodies, from which the affection of waking or
sleeping arises in animals. Now, we must assume that the causes of this
affection in all other animals are identical with, or analogous to, those which
operate in sanguineous animals; and that the causes operating in sanguineous
animals generally are identical with those operating in man. Hence we must
consider the entire subject in the light of these instances [afforded by
sanguineous animals, especially man]. Now, it has been definitely settled
already in another work that sense-perception in animals originates ill the
same part of the organism in which movement originates. This locus of
origination is one of three determinate loci, viz. that which lies midway
between the head and the abdomen. This is sanguineous animals is the region
of the heart; for all sanguineous animals have a heart; and from this it is that
both motion and the controlling sense-perception originate. Now, as regards
movement, it is obvious that that of breathing and of the cooling process
generally takes its rise there; and it is with a view to the conservation of the
[due amount of] heat in this part that nature has formed as she has both the
animals which respire, and those which cool themselves by moisture. Of this
[cooling process] per se we shall treat hereafter. In bloodless animals, and
903
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Buch The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Titel
- The Complete Aristotle
- Autor
- Aristotle
- Datum
- ~322 B.C.
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- Abmessungen
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Seiten
- 2328
- Schlagwörter
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Kategorien
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156