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live a long time without breathing; for the lung, containing little blood or
fluid, can rise a long way: its own motion can for a long time produce
sufficient refrigeration. But at last it ceases to suffice, and the animal dies of
suffocation if it does not respire-as we have already said. For of exhaustion
that kind which is destruction due to lack of refrigeration is called suffocation,
and whatsoever is thus destroyed is said to be suffocated.
We have already stated that among animals insects do not respire, and the
fact is open to observation in the case of even small creatures like flies and
bees, for they can swim about in a fluid for a long time if it is not too hot or
too cold. Yet animals with little strength tend to breathe more frequently.
These, however, die of what is called suffocation when the stomach becomes
filled and the heat in the central segment is destroyed. This explains also why
they revive after being among ashes for a time.
Again among water-animals those that are bloodless remain alive longer in
air than those that have blood and admit the sea-water, as, for example, fishes.
Since it is a small quantity of heat they possess, the air is for a long time
adequate for the purposes of refrigeration in such animals as the crustacea and
the polyps. It does not however suffice, owing to their want of heat, to keep
them finally in life, for most fishes also live though among earth, yet in a
motionless state, and are to be found by digging. For all animals that have no
lung at all or have a bloodless one require less refrigeration.
16
Concerning the bloodless animals we have declared that in some cases it is
the surrounding air, in others fluid, that aids the maintenance of life. But in
the case of animals possessing blood and heart, all which have a lung admit
the air and produce the cooling effect by breathing in and out. All animals
have a lung that are viviparous and are so internally, not externally merely
(the Selachia are viviparous, but not internally), and of the oviparous class
those that have wings, e.g. birds, and those with scales, e.g. tortoises, lizards,
and snakes. The former class have a lung charged with blood, but in the most
part of the latter it is spongy. Hence they employ respiration more sparingly
as already said. The function is found also in all that frequent and pass their
life in the water, e.g. the class of water-snakes and frogs and crocodiles and
hemydes, both sea—and land-tortoises, and seals.
All these and similar animals both bring forth on land and sleep on shore
or, when they do so in the water, keep the head above the surface in order to
respire. But all with gills produce refrigeration by taking in water; the
Selachia and all other footless animals have gills. Fish are footless, and the
942
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Buch The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Titel
- The Complete Aristotle
- Autor
- Aristotle
- Datum
- ~322 B.C.
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- Abmessungen
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Seiten
- 2328
- Schlagwörter
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Kategorien
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156