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limbs they have get their name (pterugion) from their similarity to wings
(pterux). But of those with feet one only, so far as observed, has gills. It is
called the tadpole.
No animal yet has been seen to possess both lungs and gills, and the reason
for this is that the lung is designed for the purpose of refrigeration by means
of the air (it seems to have derived its name (pneumon) from its function as a
receptacle of the breath (pneuma)), while gills are relevant to refrigeration by
water. Now for one purpose one organ is adapted and one single means of
refrigeration is sufficient in every case. Hence, since we see that Nature does
nothing in vain, and if there were two organs one would be purposeless, this
is the reason why some animals have gills, others lungs, but none possess
both.
17
Every animal in order to exist requires nutriment, in order to prevent itself
from dying, refrigeration; and so Nature employs the same organ for both
purposes. For, as in some cases the tongue serves both for discerning tastes
and for speech, so in animals with lungs the mouth is employed both in
working up the food and in the passage of the breath outwards and inwards. In
lungless and non-respiring animals it is employed in working up the food,
while in those of them that require refrigeration it is the gills that are created
for this purpose.
We shall state further on how it is that these organs have the faculty of
producing refrigeration. But to prevent their food from impeding these
operations there is a similar contrivance in the respiring animals and in those
that admit water. At the moment of respiration they do not take in food, for
otherwise suffocation results owing to the food, whether liquid or dry,
slipping in through the windpipe and lying on the lung. The windpipe is
situated before the oesophagus, through which food passes into what is called
the stomach, but in quadrupeds which are sanguineous there is, as it were, a
lid over the windpipe-the epiglottis. In birds and oviparous quadrupeds this
covering is absent, but its office is discharged by a contraction of the
windpipe. The latter class contract the windpipe when swallowing their food;
the former close down the epiglottis. When the food has passed, the epiglottis
is in the one case raised, and in the other the windpipe is expanded, and the
air enters to effect refrigeration. In animals with gills the water is first
discharged through them and then the food passes in through the mouth; they
have no windpipe and hence can take no harm from liquid lodging in this
organ, only from its entering the stomach. For these reasons the expulsion of
water and the seizing of their food is rapid, and their teeth are sharp and in
943
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Buch The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Titel
- The Complete Aristotle
- Autor
- Aristotle
- Datum
- ~322 B.C.
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- Abmessungen
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Seiten
- 2328
- Schlagwörter
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Kategorien
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156