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along with their food, and if they take in water they must be provided with
some organ for discharging it. Those blooded animals, then, that use water for
a purpose analogous to respiration are provided with gills; and such as take in
water when catching their prey, with the blow-hole. Similar remarks are
applicable to molluscs and crustaceans; for again it is by way of procuring
food that these creatures take in water.
Aquatic in different ways, the differences depending on bodily relation to
external temperature and on habit of life, are such animals on the one hand as
take in air but live in water, and such on the other hand as take in water and
are furnished with gills but go upon dry land and get their living there. At
present only one animal of the latter kind is known, the so-called cordylus or
water-newt; this creature is furnished not with lungs but with gills, but for all
that it is a quadruped and fitted for walking on dry land.
In the case of all these animals their nature appears in some kind of a way
to have got warped, just as some male animals get to resemble the female, and
some female animals the male. The fact is that animals, if they be subjected to
a modification in minute organs, are liable to immense modifications in their
general configuration. This phenomenon may be observed in the case of
gelded animals: only a minute organ of the animal is mutilated, and the
creature passes from the male to the female form. We may infer, then, that if
in the primary conformation of the embryo an infinitesimally minute but
absolutely essential organ sustain a change of magnitude one way or the other,
the animal will in one case turn to male and in the other to female; and also
that, if the said organ be obliterated altogether, the animal will be of neither
one sex nor the other. And so by the occurrence of modification in minute
organs it comes to pass that one animal is terrestrial and another aquatic, in
both senses of these terms. And, again, some animals are amphibious whilst
other animals are not amphibious, owing to the circumstance that in their
conformation while in the embryonic condition there got intermixed into them
some portion of the matter of which their subsequent food is constituted; for,
as was said above, what is in conformity with nature is to every single animal
pleasant and agreeable.
Animals then have been categorized into terrestrial and aquatic in three
ways, according to their assumption of air or of water, the temperament of
their bodies, or the character of their food; and the mode of life of an animal
corresponds to the category in which it is found. That is to say, in some cases
the animal depends for its terrestrial or aquatic nature on temperament and
diet combined, as well as upon its method of respiration; and sometimes on
temperament and habits alone.
Of testaceans, some, that are incapable of motion, subsist on fresh water,
1153
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Buch The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Titel
- The Complete Aristotle
- Autor
- Aristotle
- Datum
- ~322 B.C.
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- Abmessungen
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Seiten
- 2328
- Schlagwörter
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Kategorien
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156