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definition which gives the cause—desire is the middle term or cause, and
desire moves being moved, still in the material animated body there must be
some material which itself moves being moved. Now that which is moved,
but whose nature is not to initiate movement, is capable of being passive to an
external force, while that which initiates movement must needs possess a kind
of force and power. Now experience shows us that animals do both possess
connatural spirit and derive power from this. (How this connatural spirit is
maintained in the body is explained in other passages of our works.) And this
spirit appears to stand to the soul-centre or original in a relation analogous to
that between the point in a joint which moves being moved and the unmoved.
Now since this centre is for some animals in the heart, in the rest in a part
analogous with the heart, we further see the reason for the connatural spirit
being situate where it actually is found. The question whether the spirit
remains always the same or constantly changes and is renewed, like the
cognate question about the rest of the parts of the body, is better postponed.
At all events we see that it is well disposed to excite movement and to exert
power; and the functions of movement are thrusting and pulling. Accordingly,
the organ of movement must be capable of expanding and contracting; and
this is precisely the characteristic of spirit. It contracts and expands naturally,
and so is able to pull and to thrust from one and the same cause, exhibiting
gravity compared with the fiery element, and levity by comparison with the
opposites of fire. Now that which is to initiate movement without change of
structure must be of the kind described, for the elementary bodies prevail over
one another in a compound body by dint of disproportion; the light is
overcome and kept down by the heavier, and the heavy kept up by the lighter.
We have now explained what the part is which is moved when the soul
originates movement in the body, and what is the reason for this. And the
animal organism must be conceived after the similitude of a well-governed
commonwealth. When order is once established in it there is no more need of
a separate monarch to preside over each several task. The individuals each
play their assigned part as it is ordered, and one thing follows another in its
accustomed order. So in animals there is the same orderliness—nature taking
the place of custom—and each part naturally doing his own work as nature
has composed them. There is no need then of a soul in each part, but she
resides in a kind of central governing place of the body, and the remaining
parts live by continuity of natural structure, and play the parts Nature would
have them play.
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Buch The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Titel
- The Complete Aristotle
- Autor
- Aristotle
- Datum
- ~322 B.C.
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- Abmessungen
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Seiten
- 2328
- Schlagwörter
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Kategorien
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156