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these because they are formed out of them. The homogeneous parts are
formed by heat and cold, for some are put together and solidified by the one
and some by the other. The difference between these has already been
discussed elsewhere, and it has been stated what kinds of things are soluble
by liquid and fire, and what are not soluble by liquid and cannot be melted by
fire. The nutriment then oozes through the blood-vessels and the passages in
each of the parts, like water in unbaked pottery, and thus is formed the flesh
or its analogues, being solidified by cold, which is why it is also dissolved by
fire. But all the particles given off which are too earthy, having but little
moisture and heat, cool as the moisture evaporates along with the heat; so
they become hard and earthy in character, as nails, horns, hoofs, and beaks,
and therefore they are softened by fire but none of them is melted by it, while
some of them, as egg-shells, are soluble in liquids. The sinews and bones are
formed by the internal heat as the moisture dries, and hence the bones are
insoluble by fire like pottery, for like it they have been as it were baked in an
oven by the heat in the process of development. But it is not anything
whatever that is made into flesh or bone by the heat, but only something
naturally fitted for the purpose; nor is it made in any place or time whatever,
but only in a place and time naturally so fitted. For neither will that which
exists potentially be made except by that moving agent which possesses the
actuality, nor will that which possesses the actuality make anything whatever;
the carpenter would not make a box except out of wood, nor will a box be
made out of the wood without the carpenter. The heat exists in the seminal
secretion, and the movement and activity in it is sufficient in kind and in
quantity to correspond to each of the parts. In so far as there is any deficiency
or excess, the resulting product is in worse condition or physically defective,
in like manner as in the case of external substances which are thickened by
boiling that they may be more palatable or for any other purpose. But in the
latter case it is we who apply the heat in due measure for the motion required;
in the former it is the nature of the male parent that gives it, or with animals
spontaneously generated it is the movement and heat imparted by the right
season of the year that it is the cause.
Cooling, again, is mere deprivation of heat. Nature makes use of both; they
have of necessity the power of bringing about different results, but in the
development of the embryo we find that the one cools and the other heats for
some definite purpose, and so each of the parts is formed; thus it is in one
sense by necessity, in another for a final cause, that they make the flesh soft,
the sinews solid and elastic, the bones solid and brittle. The skin, again, is
formed by the drying of the flesh, like the scum upon boiled substances; it is
so formed not only because it is on the outside, but also because what is
glutinous, being unable to evaporate, remains on the surface. While in other
1433
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Buch The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Titel
- The Complete Aristotle
- Autor
- Aristotle
- Datum
- ~322 B.C.
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- Abmessungen
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Seiten
- 2328
- Schlagwörter
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Kategorien
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156