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2
(1) First then with regard to what we mentioned first, does it belong to one
or to more sciences to investigate all the kinds of causes? How could it belong
to one science to recognize the principles if these are not contrary?
Further, there are many things to which not all the principles pertain. For
how can a principle of change or the nature of the good exist for
unchangeable things, since everything that in itself and by its own nature is
good is an end, and a cause in the sense that for its sake the other things both
come to be and are, and since an end or purpose is the end of some action, and
all actions imply change? So in the case of unchangeable things this principle
could not exist, nor could there be a good itself. This is why in mathematics
nothing is proved by means of this kind of cause, nor is there any
demonstration of this kind-’because it is better, or worse’; indeed no one even
mentions anything of the kind. And so for this reason some of the Sophists,
e.g. Aristippus, used to ridicule mathematics; for in the arts (he maintained),
even in the industrial arts, e.g. in carpentry and cobbling, the reason always
given is ‘because it is better, or worse,’ but the mathematical sciences take no
account of goods and evils.
But if there are several sciences of the causes, and a different science for
each different principle, which of these sciences should be said to be that
which we seek, or which of the people who possess them has the most
scientific knowledge of the object in question? The same thing may have all
the kinds of causes, e.g. the moving cause of a house is the art or the builder,
the final cause is the function it fulfils, the matter is earth and stones, and the
form is the definition. To judge from our previous discussion of the question
which of the sciences should be called Wisdom, there is reason for applying
the name to each of them. For inasmuch as it is most architectonic and
authoritative and the other sciences, like slavewomen, may not even
contradict it, the science of the end and of the good is of the nature of
Wisdom (for the other things are for the sake of the end). But inasmuch as it
was described’ as dealing with the first causes and that which is in the highest
sense object of knowledge, the science of substance must be of the nature of
Wisdom. For since men may know the same thing in many ways, we say that
he who recognizes what a thing is by its being so and so knows more fully
than he who recognizes it by its not being so and so, and in the former class
itself one knows more fully than another, and he knows most fully who knows
what a thing is, not he who knows its quantity or quality or what it can by
nature do or have done to it. And further in all cases also we think that the
knowledge of each even of the things of which demonstration is possible is
present only when we know what the thing is, e.g. what squaring a rectangle
1545
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Buch The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Titel
- The Complete Aristotle
- Autor
- Aristotle
- Datum
- ~322 B.C.
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- Abmessungen
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Seiten
- 2328
- Schlagwörter
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Kategorien
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156