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architecture consider what will happen to those who are to use the house (e.g.
whether they have a painful life in it or not), nor does weaving, or
shoemaking, or the confectionerâs art, do the like; but each of these sciences
considers only what is peculiar to it, i.e. its proper end. And as for the
argument that âwhen he who is musical becomes lettered heâll be both at once,
not having been both before; and that which is, not always having been, must
have come to be; therefore he must have at once become musical and
letteredâ,-this none of the recognized sciences considers, but only sophistic;
for this alone busies itself about the accidental, so that Plato is not far wrong
when he says that the sophist spends his time on non-being.
That a science of the accidental is not even possible will be evident if we
try to see what the accidental really is. We say that everything either is always
and of necessity (necessity not in the sense of violence, but that which we
appeal to in demonstrations), or is for the most part, or is neither for the most
part, nor always and of necessity, but merely as it chances; e.g. there might be
cold in the dogdays, but this occurs neither always and of necessity, nor for
the most part, though it might happen sometimes. The accidental, then, is
what occurs, but not always nor of necessity, nor for the most part. Now we
have said what the accidental is, and it is obvious why there is no science of
such a thing; for all science is of that which is always or for the most part, but
the accidental is in neither of these classes.
Evidently there are not causes and principles of the accidental, of the same
kind as there are of the essential; for if there were, everything would be of
necessity. If A is when B is, and B is when C is, and if C exists not by chance
but of necessity, that also of which C was cause will exist of necessity, down
to the last causatum as it is called (but this was supposed to be accidental).
Therefore all things will be of necessity, and chance and the possibility of a
thingâs either occurring or not occurring are removed entirely from the range
of events. And if the cause be supposed not to exist but to be coming to be,
the same results will follow; everything will occur of necessity. For to-
morrowâs eclipse will occur if A occurs, and A if B occurs, and B if C occurs;
and in this way if we subtract time from the limited time between now and to-
morrow we shall come sometime to the already existing condition. Therefore
since this exists, everything after this will occur of necessity, so that all things
occur of necessity.
As to that which âisâ in the sense of being true or of being by accident, the
former depends on a combination in thought and is an affection of thought
(which is the reason why it is the principles, not of that which âisâ in this
sense, but of that which is outside and can exist apart, that are sought); and
the latter is not necessary but indeterminate (I mean the accidental); and of
1688
zurĂŒck zum
Buch The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Titel
- The Complete Aristotle
- Autor
- Aristotle
- Datum
- ~322 B.C.
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- Abmessungen
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Seiten
- 2328
- Schlagwörter
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Kategorien
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156