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Note, next, that neither the matter nor the form comes to be-and I mean the
last matter and form. For everything that changes is something and is changed
by something and into something. That by which it is changed is the
immediate mover; that which is changed, the matter; that into which it is
changed, the form. The process, then, will go on to infinity, if not only the
bronze comes to be round but also the round or the bronze comes to be;
therefore there must be a stop.
Note, next, that each substance comes into being out of something that
shares its name. (Natural objects and other things both rank as substances.)
For things come into being either by art or by nature or by luck or by
spontaneity. Now art is a principle of movement in something other than the
thing moved, nature is a principle in the thing itself (for man begets man), and
the other causes are privations of these two.
There are three kinds of substance-the matter, which is a âthisâ in
appearance (for all things that are characterized by contact and not, by organic
unity are matter and substratum, e.g. fire, flesh, head; for these are all matter,
and the last matter is the matter of that which is in the full sense substance);
the nature, which is a âthisâ or positive state towards which movement takes
place; and again, thirdly, the particular substance which is composed of these
two, e.g. Socrates or Callias. Now in some cases the âthisâ does not exist apart
from the composite substance, e.g. the form of house does not so exist, unless
the art of building exists apart (nor is there generation and destruction of these
forms, but it is in another way that the house apart from its matter, and health,
and all ideals of art, exist and do not exist); but if the âthisâ exists apart from
the concrete thing, it is only in the case of natural objects. And so Plato was
not far wrong when he said that there are as many Forms as there are kinds of
natural object (if there are Forms distinct from the things of this earth). The
moving causes exist as things preceding the effects, but causes in the sense of
definitions are simultaneous with their effects. For when a man is healthy,
then health also exists; and the shape of a bronze sphere exists at the same
time as the bronze sphere. (But we must examine whether any form also
survives afterwards. For in some cases there is nothing to prevent this; e.g. the
soul may be of this sort-not all soul but the reason; for presumably it is
impossible that all soul should survive.) Evidently then there is no necessity,
on this ground at least, for the existence of the Ideas. For man is begotten by
man, a given man by an individual father; and similarly in the arts; for the
medical art is the formal cause of health.
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1699
zurĂŒck zum
Buch The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Titel
- The Complete Aristotle
- Autor
- Aristotle
- Datum
- ~322 B.C.
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- Abmessungen
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Seiten
- 2328
- Schlagwörter
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Kategorien
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156