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‘what a thing is’ is the starting-point of syllogisms; for there was as yet none
of the dialectical power which enables people even without knowledge of the
essence to speculate about contraries and inquire whether the same science
deals with contraries; for two things may be fairly ascribed to Socrates-
inductive arguments and universal definition, both of which are concerned
with the starting-point of science):-but Socrates did not make the universals or
the definitions exist apart: they, however, gave them separate existence, and
this was the kind of thing they called Ideas. Therefore it followed for them,
almost by the same argument, that there must be Ideas of all things that are
spoken of universally, and it was almost as if a man wished to count certain
things, and while they were few thought he would not be able to count them,
but made more of them and then counted them; for the Forms are, one may
say, more numerous than the particular sensible things, yet it was in seeking
the causes of these that they proceeded from them to the Forms. For to each
thing there answers an entity which has the same name and exists apart from
the substances, and so also in the case of all other groups there is a one over
many, whether these be of this world or eternal.
Again, of the ways in which it is proved that the Forms exist, none is
convincing; for from some no inference necessarily follows, and from some
arise Forms even of things of which they think there are no Forms. For
according to the arguments from the sciences there will be Forms of all things
of which there are sciences, and according to the argument of the ‘one over
many’ there will be Forms even of negations, and according to the argument
that thought has an object when the individual object has perished, there will
be Forms of perishable things; for we have an image of these. Again, of the
most accurate arguments, some lead to Ideas of relations, of which they say
there is no independent class, and others introduce the ‘third man’.
And in general the arguments for the Forms destroy things for whose
existence the believers in Forms are more zealous than for the existence of the
Ideas; for it follows that not the dyad but number is first, and that prior to
number is the relative, and that this is prior to the absolute-besides all the
other points on which certain people, by following out the opinions held about
the Forms, came into conflict with the principles of the theory.
Again, according to the assumption on the belief in the Ideas rests, there
will be Forms not only of substances but also of many other things; for the
concept is single not only in the case of substances, but also in that of non-
substances, and there are sciences of other things than substance; and a
thousand other such difficulties confront them. But according to the
necessities of the case and the opinions about the Forms, if they can be shared
in there must be Ideas of substances only. For they are not shared in
1719
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Buch The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Titel
- The Complete Aristotle
- Autor
- Aristotle
- Datum
- ~322 B.C.
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- Abmessungen
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Seiten
- 2328
- Schlagwörter
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Kategorien
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156