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inspire confidence. It is for facing what is painful, then, as has been said, that
men are called brave. Hence also courage involves pain, and is justly praised;
for it is harder to face what is painful than to abstain from what is pleasant.
Yet the end which courage sets before it would seem to be pleasant, but to
be concealed by the attending circumstances, as happens also in athletic
contests; for the end at which boxers aim is pleasant—the crown and the
honours—but the blows they take are distressing to flesh and blood, and
painful, and so is their whole exertion; and because the blows and the
exertions are many the end, which is but small, appears to have nothing
pleasant in it. And so, if the case of courage is similar, death and wounds will
be painful to the brave man and against his will, but he will face them because
it is noble to do so or because it is base not to do so. And the more he is
possessed of virtue in its entirety and the happier he is, the more he will be
pained at the thought of death; for life is best worth living for such a man, and
he is knowingly losing the greatest goods, and this is painful. But he is none
the less brave, and perhaps all the more so, because he chooses noble deeds of
war at that cost. It is not the case, then, with all the virtues that the exercise of
them is pleasant, except in so far as it reaches its end. But it is quite possible
that the best soldiers may be not men of this sort but those who are less brave
but have no other good; for these are ready to face danger, and they sell their
life for trifling gains.
So much, then, for courage; it is not difficult to grasp its nature in outline,
at any rate, from what has been said.
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10
After courage let us speak of temperance; for these seem to be the virtues
of the irrational parts. We have said that temperance is a mean with regard to
pleasures (for it is less, and not in the same way, concerned with pains); self-
indulgence also is manifested in the same sphere. Now, therefore, let us
determine with what sort of pleasures they are concerned. We may assume the
distinction between bodily pleasures and those of the soul, such as love of
honour and love of learning; for the lover of each of these delights in that of
which he is a lover, the body being in no way affected, but rather the mind;
but men who are concerned with such pleasures are called neither temperate
nor self-indulgent. Nor, again, are those who are concerned with the other
pleasures that are not bodily; for those who are fond of hearing and telling
stories and who spend their days on anything that turns up are called gossips,
1794
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Buch The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Titel
- The Complete Aristotle
- Autor
- Aristotle
- Datum
- ~322 B.C.
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- Abmessungen
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Seiten
- 2328
- Schlagwörter
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Kategorien
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156