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13
We must therefore consider virtue also once more; for virtue too is
similarly related; as practical wisdom is to cleverness-not the same, but like
it-so is natural virtue to virtue in the strict sense. For all men think that each
type of character belongs to its possessors in some sense by nature; for from
the very moment of birth we are just or fitted for selfcontrol or brave or have
the other moral qualities; but yet we seek something else as that which is
good in the strict sense-we seek for the presence of such qualities in another
way. For both children and brutes have the natural dispositions to these
qualities, but without reason these are evidently hurtful. Only we seem to see
this much, that, while one may be led astray by them, as a strong body which
moves without sight may stumble badly because of its lack of sight, still, if a
man once acquires reason, that makes a difference in action; and his state,
while still like what it was, will then be virtue in the strict sense. Therefore, as
in the part of us which forms opinions there are two types, cleverness and
practical wisdom, so too in the moral part there are two types, natural virtue
and virtue in the strict sense, and of these the latter involves practical wisdom.
This is why some say that all the virtues are forms of practical wisdom, and
why Socrates in one respect was on the right track while in another he went
astray; in thinking that all the virtues were forms of practical wisdom he was
wrong, but in saying they implied practical wisdom he was right. This is
confirmed by the fact that even now all men, when they define virtue, after
naming the state of character and its objects add ‘that (state) which is in
accordance with the right rule’; now the right rule is that which is in
accordance with practical wisdom. All men, then, seem somehow to divine
that this kind of state is virtue, viz. that which is in accordance with practical
wisdom. But we must go a little further. For it is not merely the state in
accordance with the right rule, but the state that implies the presence of the
right rule, that is virtue; and practical wisdom is a right rule about such
matters. Socrates, then, thought the virtues were rules or rational principles
(for he thought they were, all of them, forms of scientific knowledge), while
we think they involve a rational principle.
It is clear, then, from what has been said, that it is not possible to be good
in the strict sense without practical wisdom, nor practically wise without
moral virtue. But in this way we may also refute the dialectical argument
whereby it might be contended that the virtues exist in separation from each
other; the same man, it might be said, is not best equipped by nature for all
the virtues, so that he will have already acquired one when he has not yet
1849
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Buch The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Titel
- The Complete Aristotle
- Autor
- Aristotle
- Datum
- ~322 B.C.
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- Abmessungen
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Seiten
- 2328
- Schlagwörter
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Kategorien
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156