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no longer under the control of law, seeks to exercise monarchical sway, and
grows into a despot; the flatterer is held in honor; this sort of democracy
being relatively to other democracies what tyranny is to other forms of
monarchy. The spirit of both is the same, and they alike exercise a despotic
rule over the better citizens. The decrees of the demos correspond to the
edicts of the tyrant; and the demagogue is to the one what the flatterer is to
the other. Both have great power; the flatterer with the tyrant, the demagogue
with democracies of the kind which we are describing. The demagogues make
the decrees of the people override the laws, by referring all things to the
popular assembly. And therefore they grow great, because the people have an
things in their hands, and they hold in their hands the votes of the people, who
are too ready to listen to them. Further, those who have any complaint to
bring against the magistrates say, ‘Let the people be judges’; the people are
too happy to accept the invitation; and so the authority of every office is
undermined. Such a democracy is fairly open to the objection that it is not a
constitution at all; for where the laws have no authority, there is no
constitution. The law ought to be supreme over all, and the magistracies
should judge of particulars, and only this should be considered a constitution.
So that if democracy be a real form of government, the sort of system in
which all things are regulated by decrees is clearly not even a democracy in
the true sense of the word, for decrees relate only to particulars.
These then are the different kinds of democracy.
V
Of oligarchies, too, there are different kinds: one where the property
qualification for office is such that the poor, although they form the majority,
have no share in the government, yet he who acquires a qualification may
obtain a share. Another sort is when there is a qualification for office, but a
high one, and the vacancies in the governing body are fired by co-optation. If
the election is made out of all the qualified persons, a constitution of this kind
inclines to an aristocracy, if out of a privileged class, to an oligarchy. Another
sort of oligarchy is when the son succeeds the father. There is a fourth form,
likewise hereditary, in which the magistrates are supreme and not the law.
Among oligarchies this is what tyranny is among monarchies, and the last-
mentioned form of democracy among democracies; and in fact this sort of
oligarchy receives the name of a dynasty (or rule of powerful families).
These are the different sorts of oligarchies and democracies. It should,
however, be remembered that in many states the constitution which is
established by law, although not democratic, owing to the education and
habits of the people may be administered democratically, and conversely in
2004
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Buch The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Titel
- The Complete Aristotle
- Autor
- Aristotle
- Datum
- ~322 B.C.
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- Abmessungen
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Seiten
- 2328
- Schlagwörter
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Kategorien
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156