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Of oligarchies, one form is that in which the majority of the citizens have
some property, but not very much; and this is the first form, which allows to
any one who obtains the required amount the right of sharing in the
government. The sharers in the government being a numerous body, it follows
that the law must govern, and not individuals. For in proportion as they are
further removed from a monarchical form of government, and in respect of
property have neither so much as to be able to live without attending to
business, nor so little as to need state support, they must admit the rule of law
and not claim to rule themselves. But if the men of property in the state are
fewer than in the former case, and own more property, there arises a second
form of oligarchy. For the stronger they are, the more power they claim, and
having this object in view, they themselves select those of the other classes
who are to be admitted to the government; but, not being as yet strong enough
to rule without the law, they make the law represent their wishes. When this
power is intensified by a further diminution of their numbers and increase of
their property, there arises a third and further stage of oligarchy, in which the
governing class keep the offices in their own hands, and the law ordains that
the son shall succeed the father. When, again, the rulers have great wealth and
numerous friends, this sort of family despotism approaches a monarchy;
individuals rule and not the law. This is the fourth sort of oligarchy, and is
analogous to the last sort of democracy.
VII
There are still two forms besides democracy and oligarchy; one of them is
universally recognized and included among the four principal forms of
government, which are said to be (1) monarchy, (2) oligarchy, (3) democracy,
and (4) the so-called aristocracy or government of the best. But there is also a
fifth, which retains the generic name of polity or constitutional government;
this is not common, and therefore has not been noticed by writers who
attempt to enumerate the different kinds of government; like Plato, in their
books about the state, they recognize four only. The term ‘aristocracy’ is
rightly applied to the form of government which is described in the first part
of our treatise; for that only can be rightly called aristocracy which is a
government formed of the best men absolutely, and not merely of men who
are good when tried by any given standard. In the perfect state the good man
is absolutely the same as the good citizen; whereas in other states the good
citizen is only good relatively to his own form of government. But there are
some states differing from oligarchies and also differing from the so-called
polity or constitutional government; these are termed aristocracies, and in
them the magistrates are certainly chosen, both according to their wealth and
2006
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Buch The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Titel
- The Complete Aristotle
- Autor
- Aristotle
- Datum
- ~322 B.C.
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- Abmessungen
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Seiten
- 2328
- Schlagwörter
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Kategorien
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156