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order in general, or one look after the boys, another after the women, and so
on? Further, under different constitutions, should the magistrates be the same
or different? For example, in democracy, oligarchy, aristocracy, monarchy,
should there be the same magistrates, although they are elected, not out of
equal or similar classes of citizen but differently under different constitutions
—in aristocracies, for example, they are chosen from the educated, in
oligarchies from the wealthy, and in democracies from the free—or are there
certain differences in the offices answering to them as well, and may the same
be suitable to some, but different offices to others? For in some states it may
be convenient that the same office should have a more extensive, in other
states a narrower sphere. Special offices are peculiar to certain forms of
government: for example that of probuli, which is not a democratic office,
although a bule or council is. There must be some body of men whose duty is
to prepare measures for the people in order that they may not be diverted from
their business; when these are few in number, the state inclines to an
oligarchy: or rather the probuli must always be few, and are therefore an
oligarchical element. But when both institutions exist in a state, the probuli
are a check on the council; for the counselors is a democratic element, but the
probuli are oligarchical. Even the power of the council disappears when
democracy has taken that extreme form in which the people themselves are
always meeting and deliberating about everything. This is the case when the
members of the assembly receive abundant pay; for they have nothing to do
and are always holding assemblies and deciding everything for themselves. A
magistracy which controls the boys or the women, or any similar office, is
suited to an aristocracy rather than to a democracy; for how can the
magistrates prevent the wives of the poor from going out of doors? Neither is
it an oligarchical office; for the wives of the oligarchs are too fine to be
controlled.
Enough of these matters. I will now inquire into appointments to offices.
The varieties depend on three terms, and the combinations of these give all
possible modes: first, who appoints? secondly, from whom? and thirdly, how?
Each of these three admits of three varieties: (A) All the citizens, or (B) only
some, appoint. Either (1) the magistrates are chosen out of all or (2) out of
some who are distinguished either by a property qualification, or by birth, or
merit, or for some special reason, as at Megara only those were eligible who
had returned from exile and fought together against the democracy. They may
be appointed either (a) by vote or (b) by lot. Again, these several varieties
may be coupled, I mean that (C) some officers may be elected by some, others
by all, and (3) some again out of some, and others out of all, and (c) some by
vote and others by lot. Each variety of these terms admits of four modes.
For either (A 1 a) all may appoint from all by vote, or (A 1 b) all from all
2019
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Buch The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Titel
- The Complete Aristotle
- Autor
- Aristotle
- Datum
- ~322 B.C.
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- Abmessungen
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Seiten
- 2328
- Schlagwörter
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Kategorien
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156