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speaker will also find the researches of historians useful. But all this is the
business of political science and not of rhetoric.
These, then, are the most important kinds of information which the political
speaker must possess. Let us now go back and state the premisses from which
he will have to argue in favour of adopting or rejecting measures regarding
these and other matters.
5
It may be said that every individual man and all men in common aim at a
certain end which determines what they choose and what they avoid. This
end, to sum it up briefly, is happiness and its constituents. Let us, then, by
way of illustration only, ascertain what is in general the nature of happiness,
and what are the elements of its constituent parts. For all advice to do things
or not to do them is concerned with happiness and with the things that make
for or against it; whatever creates or increases happiness or some part of
happiness, we ought to do; whatever destroys or hampers happiness, or gives
rise to its opposite, we ought not to do.
We may define happiness as prosperity combined with virtue; or as
independence of life; or as the secure enjoyment of the maximum of pleasure;
or as a good condition of property and body, together with the power of
guarding one’s property and body and making use of them. That happiness is
one or more of these things, pretty well everybody agrees.
From this definition of happiness it follows that its constituent parts are:-
good birth, plenty of friends, good friends, wealth, good children, plenty of
children, a happy old age, also such bodily excellences as health, beauty,
strength, large stature, athletic powers, together with fame, honour, good luck,
and virtue. A man cannot fail to be completely independent if he possesses
these internal and these external goods; for besides these there are no others to
have. (Goods of the soul and of the body are internal. Good birth, friends,
money, and honour are external.) Further, we think that he should possess
resources and luck, in order to make his life really secure. As we have already
ascertained what happiness in general is, so now let us try to ascertain what of
these parts of it is.
Now good birth in a race or a state means that its members are indigenous
or ancient: that its earliest leaders were distinguished men, and that from them
have sprung many who were distinguished for qualities that we admire.
The good birth of an individual, which may come either from the male or
the female side, implies that both parents are free citizens, and that, as in the
2170
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Buch The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Titel
- The Complete Aristotle
- Autor
- Aristotle
- Datum
- ~322 B.C.
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- Abmessungen
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Seiten
- 2328
- Schlagwörter
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Kategorien
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156