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that a man who has stolen three consecrated half-obols would shrink from
committing. Sometimes, however, the worse act is reckoned not in this way
but by the greater harm that it does. Or it may be because no punishment for it
is severe enough to be adequate; or the harm done may be incurable-a
difficult and even hopeless crime to defend; or the sufferer may not be able to
get his injurer legally punished, a fact that makes the harm incurable, since
legal punishment and chastisement are the proper cure. Or again, the man
who has suffered wrong may have inflicted some fearful punishment on
himself; then the doer of the wrong ought in justice to receive a still more
fearful punishment. Thus Sophocles, when pleading for retribution to
Euctemon, who had cut his own throat because of the outrage done to him,
said he would not fix a penalty less than the victim had fixed for himself.
Again, a man’s crime is worse if he has been the first man, or the only man, or
almost the only man, to commit it: or if it is by no means the first time he has
gone seriously wrong in the same way: or if his crime has led to the thinking-
out and invention of measures to prevent and punish similar crimes-thus in
Argos a penalty is inflicted on a man on whose account a law is passed, and
also on those on whose account the prison was built: or if a crime is specially
brutal, or specially deliberate: or if the report of it awakes more terror than
pity. There are also such rhetorically effective ways of putting it as the
following: That the accused has disregarded and broken not one but many
solemn obligations like oaths, promises, pledges, or rights of intermarriage
between states-here the crime is worse because it consists of many crimes;
and that the crime was committed in the very place where criminals are
punished, as for example perjurers do-it is argued that a man who will commit
a crime in a law-court would commit it anywhere. Further, the worse deed is
that which involves the doer in special shame; that whereby a man wrongs his
benefactors-for he does more than one wrong, by not merely doing them harm
but failing to do them good; that which breaks the unwritten laws of justice-
the better sort of man will be just without being forced to be so, and the
written laws depend on force while the unwritten ones do not. It may however
be argued otherwise, that the crime is worse which breaks the written laws:
for the man who commits crimes for which terrible penalties are provided will
not hesitate over crimes for which no penalty is provided at all.-So much,
then, for the comparative badness of criminal actions.
15
There are also the so-called ‘non-technical’ means of persuasion; and we
must now take a cursory view of these, since they are specially characteristic
of forensic oratory. They are five in number: laws, witnesses, contracts,
2201
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Buch The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Titel
- The Complete Aristotle
- Autor
- Aristotle
- Datum
- ~322 B.C.
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- Abmessungen
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Seiten
- 2328
- Schlagwörter
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Kategorien
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156