Page - 47 - in Cyborg Mind - What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics

Neuronal Interface Systems • 47 persons in recovering some of their lost functions, such as the use of their limbs. Indeed, a significant amount of work is already taking place in seeking to address motor function and sensory organs. In the future, the use of neuronal interface systems using a computer may even improve a person’s cognitive functions, such as memory, reasoning speed or access to data. But caution and realism is necessary to avoid overstat- ing or exaggerating possible uses. Visionary proposals of bioelectronic neuro- computers and microelectronic neuroprostheses (an artificial device replacing a missing part of the brain) will not be possible in the near future, if at all, because of practical limitations. Moreover, such interventions are not without risks, especially when inva- sive procedures that modify the very structure of the neuronal network are considered. Because of this, research projects using invasive systems are only considered when very serious limitations are experienced by the person. In these situations, modifications may be suggested to the brain that would oth- erwise be considered unethical.9 In the following sections, a sort of state-of-the-art presentation will be given as to what is already possible in relation to neuronal interface systems in which human neuronal networks, including the brain, can be directly associated with electronic technologies such as computers. Future prospects will then be examined, as well as the consequences that this may have on possible interfaces between the mind and cyberspace. Procedures Involved in Neuronal Interfaces Neuroscience has evolved over the past few decades to enable the develop- ment of new interfaces between elements in the outside world, including machines and computers, which can stimulate or record activities in the human nervous system. For instance, human brain–computer interfaces are now becoming useful tools in the development of neuroscience, bringing new insights into: – the neuronal basis of brain function; – neuronal coding and representation; – brain behaviour and perception; – the neurobiological basis of certain diseases. In order for a useful neuronal interface to be considered for a broad range of neuroscience applications, it must be able to analyse and/or stimulate spe- cific areas of the brain for particular time periods, while addressing concerns relating to safety, usability, reliability, patient acceptance and cost. This open access edition has been made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale.