Page - 214 - in Loss and Damage from Climate Change - Concepts, Methods and Policy Options

214 O.Serdeczny suchconsiderations,questionsofadequatescalesandconditionsforsupportandfair remedywill beparticularly relevant. Insights into theapplicationofcomprehensive riskmanagement and the integrationofnon-economicvalues intodecision-making canguide thedevelopmentofpractical guidelines for implementationofpreventive measures. The questions of fair responses to unavoidedNELD impacts aswell as fairburdensharingandappropriatescalesofsupport forpreventivemeasurescanbe further clarifiedacademicallybut their response isofultimatelypoliticalnature. 8.4.1 AvoidingandReducingNELD The literatureoncomprehensive riskmanagementanddecisionmakingoffersvalu- able insights intomeans of integrating non-economic values into decision-making processes (see also Box 8.1). The technical paper on NELD commissioned by the UNFCCC lists a number of methods to valuation of non-economic values and their integration into decision-making. Proposedmethods are economic valu- ation, multi-criteria decision analysis, composite risk indices and qualitative and semi-quantitativemethods(UNFCCC2013a).Thechoiceofmethodwillultimately depend on scale and availability of resources. While the active involvement and empowerment of local communities has been suggested as the preferablemode of workwithnon-economicvalues (NELD2015), thequalitativemethods thatgowith suchapproachesoftenhinder largecoverageandcomparabilitybetweencases. On a country-basis, some countries have started to implement policymeasures safeguardingnon-economicvalues.Facedwith theprospect of losing largepartsof inhabitable land, theState ofKiribati has embarkedonaprogrammeof “migration withdignity”,whichentailsvocationaltrainingandsupportforearlymigrants(Office of the President Republic ofKiribati 2016). In a situation of future necessity, this programmeintroducesanelementofchoice throughthelong-termplanninghorizon provided to individuals or communities, aswell as institutional support.While no explicit reference ismade to thepreservationof agency, community ties and social cohesion, it is clear that such a programme iswell suited to preserve such values thatmight otherwisebe lost in theprocessof forcedandunplannedmigration.The exampleofKiribati illustrateshowknowledgeandunderstandingofnon-economic values can shapepolicies aimed at avoiding the risks of climate change at large: If relocationwill have to be an option, then a better understanding of the values that people care for can guide policies in support of preserving these values. Notably neither quantification nor monetisation are necessary for the approach chosen by Kiribati. Related to thequestionof support for the implementationof comprehensive risk managementmeasures, it isnotclearwhetherstandardswillbedevelopedtoaccount for theprotectionofNELD.WhileLossandDamage isnot treatedunder theGreen ClimateFund,criteriadeveloped toguide fundingdecisionsshowthatenvironmen-