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228 K.vanderGeest et al.
Fig.9.2 Temperature change in degrees Celsius per decade from 1951 to 2013. SourceUNEP
(2016).NotesTrendsareobtainedbyadjustinga linear trend to inter-annualanomalies (anomalies
withrespecttotheaverageoverthe63yearobservationrecord),withnootherfiltering(notremoving
anyother scalesofvariability). It is expressed indegreesC/decade
Fig.9.3 Coefficientofvariationofrainfallfrom1951to2013(inpercentofthelong-termaverage).
SourceUNEP(2016)
Fig.9.4 Difference in thenumberofyears that receivedadequate rainfall for sorghumandmillet
(1990–2009compared to1950–1969). SourceUNEP(2016)
from1951 to2013.Largeareasof thedrylandshave inter-annual rainfallvariability
that is±30%of themean.
During the1970s andearly 1980s theSahel experienced a long andwidespread
drought that was associatedwith a devastating famine (Held et al. 2005; Conway
et al. 2009). Trends for the late 20th and early 21st century suggest an increase
in the intensity and length of droughts inWestAfrica (IPCC2012), and a decline
in rainfall of between 10 and 20%,with rainfall becoming less dependable (Turco
et al. 2015). The region also has strong decadal variability, related to swings in
ocean temperatures in theNorthAtlantic.Evencontrolling for theeffectofdecadal
Loss and Damage from Climate Change
Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Title
- Loss and Damage from Climate Change
- Subtitle
- Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Authors
- Reinhard Mechler
- Laurens M. Bouwer
- Thomas Schinko
- Swenja Surminski
- JoAnne Linnerooth-Bayer
- Publisher
- Springer Open
- Date
- 2019
- Language
- English
- License
- CC BY 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-319-72026-5
- Size
- 16.0 x 24.0 cm
- Pages
- 580
- Keywords
- Environment, Climate change, Environmental law, Environmental policy, Risk management
- Categories
- International
- Naturwissenschaften Umwelt und Klima