Page - 540 - in Loss and Damage from Climate Change - Concepts, Methods and Policy Options

540 M.vandenHombergandC.McQuistan the adaptation communication and tomake sure reported data captures the actual impact of adaptation on impacts and risks and represents the poor and vulnerable. However, reporting on adaptation has the risk of shifting the burden to developing countries if efforts to reduce risks are seen as their responsibility (ECBI 2017). It thereforehastogohandinhandwithafurtherdevelopmentofreportingontheWIM mechanism. It is also important to treat technology incoherencewith theSDGand Sendaiframework,andjoinforces inreportingonlossesanddamagesinthebroader sense (includingL&D).Akindof devolutionhub7 thatmakes access to policies at global, regional, national and local level easily available and interpretablemightbe beneficial tostimulatecoherency.Inaddition,standardisationofhowtomeasureand reporton lossesanddamageswill beessential. Action inRelation toTechnology toContribute toClimateJustice Inmanyinstances,communitiesandcountriesstillseemtohaveroomforadaptation between the soft and hard limit, as indicated by the reported avoidable impacts and risks. Countries are expected to implement adaptationmeasures to the best of their capabilities (meaning up to their soft limit) to protect their populations from climatevariabilityand/or toempower theircitizens,especially thosewith the lowest capacity to adapt (Winkler andRajamani 2014) ,to implement corresponding risk avoidancemeasures, given thecommonresponsibility for adaptation.Governments should provide essential services forDRR, such as a basin-scaleEWSmakinguse of automated data collection, high-resolution satellite imagery and impact-based forecasting. But insufficient funding for adaptation is going to the least-developed countries, and thepoorandvulnerablehave limitedaccess to technologies required for individual adaptation, let alone forkeepingupwith future risk trends. Technologycanplayaroleincreatingadditionaladaptationoptionsand/orshifting thesoftadaptationlimit.Softadaptationlimitsshouldbelevelledbetweendeveloping and developed countries. Thismeans that the objectives that shape the adaptation limit shouldnotbedifferent.Technologies shouldbe sharedamong thosecountries having access and those not having access, recognising the commitment to leave noonebehind.Whywould anNMHS in adeveloping country settle for lessEWS lead time than in a developed country? The technologies that do play a role in transformative actions are in general different from climate-related technologies, for example ICT technologies for distance learning or for outsourcing IT work. Technologicaldevelopmentandproliferationhas to involveall stakeholders inafair and equalmanner (procedural justice). It is essential to create fundingpossibilities fordevelopingappropriate technologywithinexisting technologymechanismssuch as from theCTCN.Thevoicesof thepoor andvulnerablehave tobeheard. It does notallneedtobehigh-tech;manylocal technologiescanbeadaptedwithinvestment in research, such as biodykes for floodmitigation,with the addedbenefit that they canbemaintainedby localpeoplewithexistingskill sets. Thetransparencyframeworkweproposeoverallexposes injustices intechnology innovation, accessanduse,with theobjectiveofwidening the technologyspectrum 7Suchas fromtheOpenInstitute, seehttp://www.openinstitute.com/devhubv2.