Page - 173 - in Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918 - A Social History of a Multilingual Space

Chapter 4 ♦  173 was no nationalism and anti-Semitism among Habsburg professors, but in most cases these did not affect professorial nominations. However, from the 1860s the appointments followed strategies of othering. While before 1848 the ministry had favored Habsburg citi- zens, in the second half of the century, beginning with Thun-Hohenstein, linguistic-cum-cultural ascriptions mattered more—that is, a scholar’s aca- demic socialization and the (first or predominant) language of publications. As I show in the next chapter, this was handled in a different way when the Cracow and L’viv universities sought Polish-speaking professors, and Prague sought Czech speakers. But it would be false to speak of a complete ethnicization of the nomination procedures there, and I will show how the national scholars were made national. But I inquire also into other tendencies shaping these two subsystems, such as internal hierarchies and the dialectics between autarchy and internationalization. These show similarities although the geopolitical situation of the Czech and Polish scholars was diametrically opposite, with the former limited to the Habsburg Empire and the latter present in large numbers in all three central European empires.