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Kaiser#

Emperor (Kaiser), highest secular rulership title, developed from the epithet of the Roman rulers (Caesar), existed in the Byzantine empire until 1453; in the West the title of Roman emperor, which had ended in 476, was renewed by Karl der Grosse (Charlemagne) in 800 and taken on in 962 by the German king Otto der Grosse (Otto I). The Habsburgs were Roman Emperors from 1452-1740, and the Habsburg-Lothringer from 1745-1806. On August 14, 1804, Franz II added "Emperor of Austria" to his titles; until 1918 this remained the first title of Austrian rulers. The Emperor of Austria was considered invulnerable and responsible to no one. After 1867, although the divine right of the monarch was maintained, each of the emperor's governmental acts also had to be signed by a responsible minister. The crown of the Roman Emperor was the Imperial Crown; the crown of the Emperor of Austria was the Habsburg family crown of Rudolf II dating from 1602; both of these are now in the Secular Imperial Treasury in Vienna.

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