Lehr- und Lernfreiheit#

Freedom of Teaching and Learning, demanded and achieved by students in 1848, was fixed in the Fundamental Law (December Constitution) of 1867, which is still valid today, as freedom of instruction only ("Knowledge and its teaching are free"). Freedom of learning, however, was soon considerably restricted by curricula and compulsory courses. It was again unequivocally enshrined in Article 5 of the Allgemeines Hochschul-Studiengesetz (general university studies law) of 1966, but always "in accordance with study plans".