Minister#
Minister: Until 1848 the supreme bodies of state administration were collegially organized court authorities, from 1760 on they made up the Council of State (Staatsrat). In 1848 they were replaced by the ministerial system, which remained in existence during the time of neo-absolutism, as ministers took over the functions of the crown council and the monarch´s supreme executive authority. In the constitutional era ministers were subordinate to the monarch, but responsible to parliament, the representation of the people. Side by side with the 3 k. u. k. (= joint institutions of the western half of the monarchy on the one hand and the Royal Hungarian lands on the other) ministries (Ministry of the Exterior, Imperial Ministry of War, Imperial Ministry of Finance), there were in the western half of the Monarchy the Office of the Council of Ministers (Ministerratspraesidium) and 9 k. k. (= having authority solely over the western half of the monarchy) ministries (Interior, Education and Cultural Affairs, Justice, Finance, Trade, Public Works/Projects, Railways, Agriculture and National Defence). Federal Ministers, Federal Ministries.