Page - 87 - in Cyborg Mind - What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics

Neuronal Interface Systems • 87 On this account, when the medical conditions being considered are very serious, it may be acceptable for greater risks to be taken in implanting devices. The advantages of invasive and partially invasive output systems, with respect to the accuracy of recording brain signals, should then be exam- ined against the considerable disadvantages that the person may already be experiencing. However, in the context of enhancement, very different risk-benefit ratios would exist. Indeed, if the system was only a means of enhancing a normal situation, the risks would need to be minimal at best.194 This means that invasive neuronal interfaces used for enhancement purposes may remain in the distant future. Notes 1. Jones, ‘Brain Chips’, 15–20. 2. Moore, ‘Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits’, 114. 3. The BRAIN Initiative, US National Institute of Health. Retrieved 13 October 2018 from http://www.braininitiative.nih.gov. 4. Ibid. 5. The Human Brain Project. Retrieved 13 October 2018 from www.humanbrainproject. eu. 6. Chan and Harris, ‘Neuroethics’, 78–79. 7. Keiper, ‘The Age of Neuroelectronics’. 8. Ibid. 9. Jones, ‘Brain Chips’, 15–20. 10. Tracey, ‘Neural Interfaces and Brain Interference’, 31–37. 11. Ibid. 12. Ibid. 13. Jones, ‘Brain Chips’, 15–20. 14. Ibid. 15. Yuan, Hsieh and Chang, ‘National Technology Foresight Research’. 16. Jones, ‘Brain Chips’, 15–20. 17. Schmidt, Bak and McIntosh, ‘Long-Term Chronic Recording from Cortical Neurons’. 18. Georgopoulos et al., 1989. ‘Mental Rotation of the Neuronal Population Vector’. 19. Lebedev et al., ‘Cortical Ensemble Adaptation’; Velliste et al., ‘Cortical Control of a Prosthetic Arm for Self-Feeding’. 20. Kennedy et al., ‘Direct Control of a Computer from the Human Central Nervous System’. 21. Leuthardt et al., ‘Evolution of Brain–Computer Interfaces: Going Beyond Classic Motor Physiology’, 6. 22. Spiers et al., ‘Issues Impairing the Success of Neural Implant Technology’, 300. 23. Kotchetkov et al., ‘Brain–Computer Interfaces’, 3. 24. Cahn and Polich, ‘Meditation States and Traits: EEG, ERP, and Neuroimaging Studies’; Leuthardt et al., ‘Evolution of Brain–Computer Interfaces’, 5–6; Mak and Wolpaw, ‘Clinical Applications of Brain–Computer Interfaces’, 189. 25. Birbaumer and Cohen, ‘Brain–Computer Interfaces’. This open access edition has been made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale.