Page - 245 - in Cyborg Mind - What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics

Glossary • 245 Consciousness: the quality or state of being aware of an external object or something within oneself. Cyborg: implies an undefined relationship between the cybernetic and the organic. The Cyborg deliberately incorporates nonliving components into a living organism so that it can be adapted to new environments. Cyberpunk: a subgenre of science fiction featuring advanced technological and scientific achievements, such as information technology, giving rise to a degree of breakdown or radical change in social order. Data mining: extracting information from large quantities of data and trans- forming it into an understandable structure for further use. Electroencephalogram (EEG)/magnetoencephalography (MEG): using electrodes (EEG) or sensors (MEG) attached to the scalp to measure activ- ity. These detect very small electrical currents and associated magnetic fields from the aggregate activity of many hundreds of thousands of neurons. The procedures can directly measure neuronal activity and has superior temporal resolution in comparison to the indirect measurements of fMRI. Enhancement: the use of technology and science to increase the human functioning of a healthy individual beyond the norm for that person and in the absence of any identified dysfunction. However, it does not generally include the creation of capacities in beings that have never previously existed in humans (which may be considered under the concept of transhumanism). Functional MRI (fMRI): an imaging procedure that measures changes in the oxygenation level of the blood and that can detect aspects of neuronal activity if used on the brain. Haptic (or kinesthetic) communication: technology used to re-create the sense of touch to the user by applying forces, vibrations or other motions. Implantable medical device: a medical device that is intended to be totally or partially introduced into the human body or by medical intervention into a natural orifice and that is intended to remain after the procedure. The Internet of things: represents the network of physical objects embed- ded within electronics, software, sensors and connectivity, enabling them to achieve greater value and service by exchanging data with the manufacturer, operator and/or other connected devices. This open access edition has been made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale.