Page - 246 - in Cyborg Mind - What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics

246 • Glossary Locked-in patients: patients who retain cognitive functions or who have a minimally conscious state, but who cannot move or communicate verbally due to complete paralysis of nearly all voluntary muscles in the body. Metaverse: the space created when physical reality is enhanced by a virtual space. The word is derived from the prefix ‘meta’ (meaning ‘beyond’) and ‘universe’. It is normally used to describe a future version of the Internet in which persistent, shared, three-dimensional virtual spaces are linked to create a perceived virtual universe. Monads: self-contained and secluded nonmaterial entities with no spatial or physical properties expressing rational or autonomous activities (from the Greek monas meaning ‘singularity’ which is itself derived from monos mean- ing ‘alone’). Nerve: composed of different types of axons through which electrical nerve impulses are transmitted. Neural: characterises what is associated with nerves or the nervous system. Neuroessentialism: the belief that moral identity can be reduced to the brain. Neuronal: characterises what is associated with neurons. Neuronal interface systems: describe a range of devices that enable a net- work of neurons to be connected with an appliance. This can include inter- faces between neuronal networks and machines such as between a brain and a computer. These neuronal interfaces can usually be classified in one or more of the following categories: Direct neuronal interface systems: a range of devices that enable a net- work of neurons to be directly connected with an appliance. Input neuronal interface systems: provide stimulation to specific parts of the nervous system. Output neuronal interface systems: record signals from neuronal net- works. These can be used in two possible ways: Open-loop prediction neuronal interfaces: record neuronal activity from multiple sites to predict behaviour. This open access edition has been made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale.