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THE FIRST WORLD WAR - and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914 – 1918
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Epilogue Once the revolution had gradually spread to all the lands of the Habsburg Monarchy, many did not want to accept it, but one glance at the surging masses said everything. Vast crowds moved through the streets of Vienna, Prague, Budapest and other capital cities. They did not want to ‘watch the revolution’ but actually to be a part of it when in the centre of Europe nation states were founded and an affirmation of one of the new states was demanded of every single person. Whoever attempted to make it clear that they still felt obligated to the Imperial and Royal government ran the risk of being physically reminded of the new realities. The scenes differed only marginally from one another : in one city, it was the nationalist radicals and in another the political and ide- ological fanatics who set the tone. A not to be underestimated group was formed by all of those who had not been radicalised by ideologues and ideas of the nation state but simply no longer wanted the war. Into the midst of these came the soldiers returning from the fronts who multiplied the revolutionary potential. Let us once more single out the scene in Prague in the last days of October and the first days of November 1918, about which the now former station commander wrote : ‘There could be no talk any more of correction and discipline. […] No-one any longer gave the military salute ; jostling of all officers, whether white-red or black-yellow, was the order of the day. A wild band of soldiers emerged overnight. All factories were inactive. Everything was decked with flags ; in pan-Slav and red flags. Workers and soldiers carried little red flags. Young and old, men and women, rejoiced over the day of the long-awaited freedom, the day on which the hated yoke of the Habsburgs was cast off. If one had asked any of the red flag-carriers what this yoke had actually been, I am convinced that none of them would have been able to provide an accurate answer.’2528 It was not possible for everyone  – in fact not for the majority  – to be involved in the proclamations of new statehood. Hundreds of thousands of soldiers were still march- ing back from the fronts and sought to somehow find their way to their respective homelands. Non-compliance and veritable battles among the former comrades were such a daily occurrence that they actually hardly any longer aroused any attention. One group declared that they did not want anything to do with another group, and then it was the turn of the second group to do the same. Those who were on the return
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THE FIRST WORLD WAR and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914 – 1918
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Title
THE FIRST WORLD WAR
Subtitle
and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914 – 1918
Author
Manfried Rauchensteiner
Publisher
Böhlau Verlag
Location
Wien
Date
2014
Language
English
License
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
ISBN
978-3-205-79588-9
Size
17.0 x 24.0 cm
Pages
1192
Categories
Geschichte Vor 1918

Table of contents

  1. 1 On the Eve 11
  2. 2 Two Million Men for the War 49
  3. 3 Bloody Sundays 81
  4. 4 Unleashing the War 117
  5. 5 ‘Thank God, this is the Great War!’ 157
  6. 6 Adjusting to a Longer War 197
  7. 7 The End of the Euphoria 239
  8. 8 The First Winter of the War 283
  9. 9 Under Surveillance 317
  10. 10 ‘The King of Italy has declared war on Me’ 355
  11. 11 The Third Front 383
  12. 12 Factory War and Domestic Front, 1915 413
  13. 13 Summer Battle and ‘Autumn Swine’ 441
  14. 14 War Aims and Central Europe 469
  15. 15 South Tyrol : The End of an Illusion (I) 497
  16. 16 Lutsk :The End of an Illusion (II) 521
  17. 17 How is a War Financed ? 555
  18. 18 The Nameless 583
  19. 19 The Death of the Old Emperor 607
  20. 20 Emperor Karl 641
  21. 21 The Writing on the Wall 657
  22. 22 The Consequences of the Russian February Revolution 691
  23. 23 Summer 1917 713
  24. 24 Kerensky Offensive and Peace Efforts 743
  25. 25 The Pyrrhic Victory : The Breakthrough Battle of Flitsch-Tolmein 769
  26. 26 Camps 803
  27. 27 Peace Feelers in the Shadow of Brest-Litovsk 845
  28. 28 The Inner Front 869
  29. 29 The June Battle in Veneto 895
  30. 30 An Empire Resigns 927
  31. 31 The Twilight Empire 955
  32. 32 The War becomes History 983
  33. Epilogue 1011
  34. Afterword 1013
  35. Acknowledgements and Dedication 1019
  36. Notes 1023
  37. Selected Printed Sources and Literature 1115
  38. Index of People and Places 1155
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