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THE FIRST WORLD WAR - and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914 – 1918
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Afterword The moment came in Paris on 18 January 1919. It was no coincidence that this was the same date on which in 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors in Versailles, the proclamation of the German Empire had been made. The President of the United States and the prime ministers and foreign ministers of the Allied and associated powers met on the Quai d’Orsay for the first session of a conference that was described as a ‘peace conference’, but whose scale and duration were not foreseeable. Its aim was to end the war that had first been temporarily halted through a series of armistice treaties. Representatives of those states that were regarded as defeated had not been invited to take part in the sessions. This was perhaps the first major difference between this and the peace con- ference that had taken place over a hundred years previously, and which ended the Na- poleonic Wars as the ‘Congress of Vienna’. As was usual on such occasions, ceremony was at the forefront and, not least, veiled language was used. The site of the conference itself meant that France played the role of host. When the French President, Raymond Poincaré, entered the hall, the 72 politicians who had been invited rose and in some cases remained standing to listen to what he had to say. Poincaré presented the overall picture : ‘The most deceitful goal of the enemy has today been clearly proven. In the hope of seizing hegemony in Europe and, soon afterwards, dominance of the world, the Central Powers, which are bound together by culpable secret agreements, devised a hateful pretence in order to move beyond Serbia and to open a path to the Orient. At the same time, they renounced solemnly given obligations in order to prepare a road into the heart of France through Belgium […]. If now, after many vicissitudes, those who wished to rule by the sword have now died by the sword, they bear the blame for doing so themselves […].’ Poincaré then left the hall, the chair was given to the French Prime Minister, Georges Clemenceau, and then all those who numbered among the Allied and associated states were invited to bring to paper their ideas for the clauses to be contained in the agreements that were to be concluded with the defeated states. Then, the delegates separated and in political circles and groups of experts began to discuss the peace treaties for Germany, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire. Over time, twelve treaties and conventions were formulated. One treaty was still missing : the peace treaty with the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. It could not be drawn up, since
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THE FIRST WORLD WAR and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914 – 1918
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Title
THE FIRST WORLD WAR
Subtitle
and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914 – 1918
Author
Manfried Rauchensteiner
Publisher
Böhlau Verlag
Location
Wien
Date
2014
Language
English
License
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
ISBN
978-3-205-79588-9
Size
17.0 x 24.0 cm
Pages
1192
Categories
Geschichte Vor 1918

Table of contents

  1. 1 On the Eve 11
  2. 2 Two Million Men for the War 49
  3. 3 Bloody Sundays 81
  4. 4 Unleashing the War 117
  5. 5 ‘Thank God, this is the Great War!’ 157
  6. 6 Adjusting to a Longer War 197
  7. 7 The End of the Euphoria 239
  8. 8 The First Winter of the War 283
  9. 9 Under Surveillance 317
  10. 10 ‘The King of Italy has declared war on Me’ 355
  11. 11 The Third Front 383
  12. 12 Factory War and Domestic Front, 1915 413
  13. 13 Summer Battle and ‘Autumn Swine’ 441
  14. 14 War Aims and Central Europe 469
  15. 15 South Tyrol : The End of an Illusion (I) 497
  16. 16 Lutsk :The End of an Illusion (II) 521
  17. 17 How is a War Financed ? 555
  18. 18 The Nameless 583
  19. 19 The Death of the Old Emperor 607
  20. 20 Emperor Karl 641
  21. 21 The Writing on the Wall 657
  22. 22 The Consequences of the Russian February Revolution 691
  23. 23 Summer 1917 713
  24. 24 Kerensky Offensive and Peace Efforts 743
  25. 25 The Pyrrhic Victory : The Breakthrough Battle of Flitsch-Tolmein 769
  26. 26 Camps 803
  27. 27 Peace Feelers in the Shadow of Brest-Litovsk 845
  28. 28 The Inner Front 869
  29. 29 The June Battle in Veneto 895
  30. 30 An Empire Resigns 927
  31. 31 The Twilight Empire 955
  32. 32 The War becomes History 983
  33. Epilogue 1011
  34. Afterword 1013
  35. Acknowledgements and Dedication 1019
  36. Notes 1023
  37. Selected Printed Sources and Literature 1115
  38. Index of People and Places 1155
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