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for the negative relation animal, inanimate, man.
Nor can there be a syllogism when both terms are asserted of no S. Terms
for the positive relation are animal, horse, inanimate; for the negative relation
man, horse, inanimate-inanimate being the middle term.
It is clear then in this figure also when a syllogism will be possible and
when not, if the terms are related universally. For whenever both the terms are
affirmative, there will be a syllogism to prove that one extreme belongs to
some of the other; but when they are negative, no syllogism will be possible.
But when one is negative, the other affirmative, if the major is negative, the
minor affirmative, there will be a syllogism to prove that the one extreme
does not belong to some of the other: but if the relation is reversed, no
syllogism will be possible. If one term is related universally to the middle, the
other in part only, when both are affirmative there must be a syllogism, no
matter which of the premisses is universal. For if R belongs to all S, P to some
S, P must belong to some R. For since the affirmative statement is convertible
S will belong to some P: consequently since R belongs to all S, and S to some
P, R must also belong to some P: therefore P must belong to some R.
Again if R belongs to some S, and P to all S, P must belong to some R. This
may be demonstrated in the same way as the preceding. And it is possible to
demonstrate it also per impossibile and by exposition, as in the former cases.
But if one term is affirmative, the other negative, and if the affirmative is
universal, a syllogism will be possible whenever the minor term is
affirmative. For if R belongs to all S, but P does not belong to some S, it is
necessary that P does not belong to some R. For if P belongs to all R, and R
belongs to all S, then P will belong to all S: but we assumed that it did not.
Proof is possible also without reduction ad impossibile, if one of the Ss be
taken to which P does not belong.
But whenever the major is affirmative, no syllogism will be possible, e.g. if
P belongs to all S and R does not belong to some S. Terms for the universal
affirmative relation are animate, man, animal. For the universal negative
relation it is not possible to get terms, if R belongs to some S, and does not
belong to some S. For if P belongs to all S, and R to some S, then P will
belong to some R: but we assumed that it belongs to no R. We must put the
matter as before.’ Since the expression ‘it does not belong to some’ is
indefinite, it may be used truly of that also which belongs to none. But if R
belongs to no S, no syllogism is possible, as has been shown. Clearly then no
syllogism will be possible here.
But if the negative term is universal, whenever the major is negative and
the minor affirmative there will be a syllogism. For if P belongs to no S, and
R belongs to some S, P will not belong to some R: for we shall have the first
64
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The Complete Aristotle
- Title
- The Complete Aristotle
- Author
- Aristotle
- Date
- ~322 B.C.
- Language
- English
- License
- PD
- Size
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Pages
- 2328
- Keywords
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Categories
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Table of contents
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156