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therefore with ‘opine’. Perhaps then this is necessary if a man will grant the
first point. But presumably that is false, that any one could suppose the
essence of good to be the essence of bad, save incidentally. For it is possible
to think this in many different ways. But we must consider this matter better.
22
Whenever the extremes are convertible it is necessary that the middle
should be convertible with both. For if A belongs to C through B, then if A
and C are convertible and C belongs everything to which A belongs, B is
convertible with A, and B belongs to everything to which A belongs, through
C as middle, and C is convertible with B through A as middle. Similarly if the
conclusion is negative, e.g. if B belongs to C, but A does not belong to B,
neither will A belong to C. If then B is convertible with A, C will be
convertible with A. Suppose B does not belong to A; neither then will C: for
ex hypothesi B belonged to all C. And if C is convertible with B, B is
convertible also with A, for C is said of that of all of which B is said. And if C
is convertible in relation to A and to B, B also is convertible in relation to A.
For C belongs to that to which B belongs: but C does not belong to that to
which A belongs. And this alone starts from the conclusion; the preceding
moods do not do so as in the affirmative syllogism. Again if A and B are
convertible, and similarly C and D, and if A or C must belong to anything
whatever, then B and D will be such that one or other belongs to anything
whatever. For since B belongs to that to which A belongs, and D belongs to
that to which C belongs, and since A or C belongs to everything, but not
together, it is clear that B or D belongs to everything, but not together. For
example if that which is uncreated is incorruptible and that which is
incorruptible is uncreated, it is necessary that what is created should be
corruptible and what is corruptible should have been created. For two
syllogisms have been put together. Again if A or B belongs to everything and
if C or D belongs to everything, but they cannot belong together, then when A
and C are convertible B and D are convertible. For if B does not belong to
something to which D belongs, it is clear that A belongs to it. But if A then C:
for they are convertible. Therefore C and D belong together. But this is
impossible. When A belongs to the whole of B and to C and is affirmed of
nothing else, and B also belongs to all C, it is necessary that A and B should
be convertible: for since A is said of B and C only, and B is affirmed both of
itself and of C, it is clear that B will be said of everything of which A is said,
except A itself. Again when A and B belong to the whole of C, and C is
convertible with B, it is necessary that A should belong to all B: for since A
belongs to all C, and C to B by conversion, A will belong to all B.
142
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book The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Title
- The Complete Aristotle
- Author
- Aristotle
- Date
- ~322 B.C.
- Language
- English
- License
- PD
- Size
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Pages
- 2328
- Keywords
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Categories
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Table of contents
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156