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Such then is the number and nature of the kinds of cause.
Now the modes of causation are many, though when brought under heads
they too can be reduced in number. For ‘cause’ is used in many senses and
even within the same kind one may be prior to another (e.g. the doctor and the
expert are causes of health, the relation 2:1 and number of the octave), and
always what is inclusive to what is particular. Another mode of causation is
the incidental and its genera, e.g. in one way ‘Polyclitus’, in another ‘sculptor’
is the cause of a statue, because ‘being Polyclitus’ and ‘sculptor’ are
incidentally conjoined. Also the classes in which the incidental attribute is
included; thus ‘a man’ could be said to be the cause of a statue or, generally,
‘a living creature’. An incidental attribute too may be more or less remote,
e.g. suppose that ‘a pale man’ or ‘a musical man’ were said to be the cause of
the statue.
All causes, both proper and incidental, may be spoken of either as potential
or as actual; e.g. the cause of a house being built is either ‘house-builder’ or
‘house-builder building’.
Similar distinctions can be made in the things of which the causes are
causes, e.g. of ‘this statue’ or of ‘statue’ or of ‘image’ generally, of ‘this
bronze’ or of ‘bronze’ or of ‘material’ generally. So too with the incidental
attributes. Again we may use a complex expression for either and say, e.g.
neither ‘Polyclitus’ nor ‘sculptor’ but ‘Polyclitus, sculptor’.
All these various uses, however, come to six in number, under each of
which again the usage is twofold. Cause means either what is particular or a
genus, or an incidental attribute or a genus of that, and these either as a
complex or each by itself; and all six either as actual or as potential. The
difference is this much, that causes which are actually at work and particular
exist and cease to exist simultaneously with their effect, e.g. this healing
person with this being-healed person and that house-building man with that
being-built house; but this is not always true of potential causes—the house
and the housebuilder do not pass away simultaneously.
In investigating the cause of each thing it is always necessary to seek what
is most precise (as also in other things): thus man builds because he is a
builder, and a builder builds in virtue of his art of building. This last cause
then is prior: and so generally.
Further, generic effects should be assigned to generic causes, particular
effects to particular causes, e.g. statue to sculptor, this statue to this sculptor;
and powers are relative to possible effects, actually operating causes to things
which are actually being effected.
This must suffice for our account of the number of causes and the modes of
421
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book The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Title
- The Complete Aristotle
- Author
- Aristotle
- Date
- ~322 B.C.
- Language
- English
- License
- PD
- Size
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Pages
- 2328
- Keywords
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Categories
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Table of contents
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156