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virtue of itself the cause of a house, whereas the pale or the musical is the
incidental cause. That which is per se cause of the effect is determinate, but
the incidental cause is indeterminable, for the possible attributes of an
individual are innumerable. To resume then; when a thing of this kind comes
to pass among events which are for the sake of something, it is said to be
spontaneous or by chance. (The distinction between the two must be made
later-for the present it is sufficient if it is plain that both are in the sphere of
things done for the sake of something.)
Example: A man is engaged in collecting subscriptions for a feast. He
would have gone to such and such a place for the purpose of getting the
money, if he had known. He actually went there for another purpose and it
was only incidentally that he got his money by going there; and this was not
due to the fact that he went there as a rule or necessarily, nor is the end
effected (getting the money) a cause present in himself-it belongs to the class
of things that are intentional and the result of intelligent deliberation. It is
when these conditions are satisfied that the man is said to have gone ‘by
chance’. If he had gone of deliberate purpose and for the sake of this-if he
always or normally went there when he was collecting payments-he would
not be said to have gone ‘by chance’.
It is clear then that chance is an incidental cause in the sphere of those
actions for the sake of something which involve purpose. Intelligent
reflection, then, and chance are in the same sphere, for purpose implies
intelligent reflection.
It is necessary, no doubt, that the causes of what comes to pass by chance
be indefinite; and that is why chance is supposed to belong to the class of the
indefinite and to be inscrutable to man, and why it might be thought that, in a
way, nothing occurs by chance. For all these statements are correct, because
they are well grounded. Things do, in a way, occur by chance, for they occur
incidentally and chance is an incidental cause. But strictly it is not the cause-
without qualification-of anything; for instance, a housebuilder is the cause of
a house; incidentally, a fluteplayer may be so.
And the causes of the man’s coming and getting the money (when he did
not come for the sake of that) are innumerable. He may have wished to see
somebody or been following somebody or avoiding somebody, or may have
gone to see a spectacle. Thus to say that chance is a thing contrary to rule is
correct. For ‘rule’ applies to what is always true or true for the most part,
whereas chance belongs to a third type of event. Hence, to conclude, since
causes of this kind are indefinite, chance too is indefinite. (Yet in some cases
one might raise the question whether any incidental fact might be the cause of
the chance occurrence, e.g. of health the fresh air or the sun’s heat may be the
424
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book The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Title
- The Complete Aristotle
- Author
- Aristotle
- Date
- ~322 B.C.
- Language
- English
- License
- PD
- Size
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Pages
- 2328
- Keywords
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Categories
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Table of contents
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156