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situated, that is to say, situated directly under the midriff; and they have a gut
connected therewith and closing at the outlet of the residuum and at what is
termed the ‘rectum’. However, animals present diversities in the structure of
their stomachs. In the first place, of the viviparous quadrupeds, such of the
horned animals as are not equally furnished with teeth in both jaws are
furnished with four such chambers. These animals, by the way, are those that
are said to chew the cud. In these animals the oesophagus extends from the
mouth downwards along the lung, from the midriff to the big stomach (or
paunch); and this stomach is rough inside and semi-partitioned. And
connected with it near to the entry of the oesophagus is what from its
appearance is termed the ‘reticulum’ (or honeycomb bag); for outside it is like
the stomach, but inside it resembles a netted cap; and the reticulum is a great
deal smaller than the stomach. Connected with this is the ‘echinus’ (or many-
plies), rough inside and laminated, and of about the same size as the
reticulum. Next after this comes what is called the ‘enystrum’ (or abomasum),
larger an longer than the echinus, furnished inside with numerous folds or
ridges, large and smooth. After all this comes the gut.
Such is the stomach of those quadrupeds that are horned and have an
unsymmetrical dentition; and these animals differ one from another in the
shape and size of the parts, and in the fact of the oesophagus reaching the
stomach centralwise in some cases and sideways in others. Animals that are
furnished equally with teeth in both jaws have one stomach; as man, the pig,
the dog, the bear, the lion, the wolf. (The Thos, by the by, has all its internal
organs similar to the wolf’s.)
All these, then have a single stomach, and after that the gut; but the
stomach in some is comparatively large, as in the pig and bear, and the
stomach of the pig has a few smooth folds or ridges; others have a much
smaller stomach, not much bigger than the gut, as the lion, the dog, and man.
In the other animals the shape of the stomach varies in the direction of one or
other of those already mentioned; that is, the stomach in some animals
resembles that of the pig; in others that of the dog, alike with the larger
animals and the smaller ones. In all these animals diversities occur in regard
to the size, the shape, the thickness or the thinness of the stomach, and also in
regard to the place where the oesophagus opens into it.
There is also a difference in structure in the gut of the two groups of
animals above mentioned (those with unsymmetrical and those with
symmetrical dentition) in size, in thickness, and in foldings.
The intestines in those animals whose jaws are unequally furnished with
teeth are in all cases the larger, for the animals themselves are larger than
those in the other category; for very few of them are small, and no single one
996
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book The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Title
- The Complete Aristotle
- Author
- Aristotle
- Date
- ~322 B.C.
- Language
- English
- License
- PD
- Size
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Pages
- 2328
- Keywords
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Categories
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Table of contents
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156