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character of its integument.
For these reasons then it must lead off with more than one limb, and move
obliquely; obliquely, because the flexion is oblique; and with more than one
limb, because otherwise the limbs that were still would have got in the way of
those that were moving.
Fishes of the flat kind swim with their heads twisted, as one-eyed men
walk; they have their natural shape distorted. Web-footed birds swim with
their feet; because they breath the air and have lungs they are bipeds, but
because they have their home in the water they are webbed; by this
arrangement their feet serve them instead of fins. They have their legs too, not
like the rest of birds in the centre of their body, but rather set back. Their legs
are short, and being set back are serviceable for swimming. The reason for
their having short legs is that nature has added to their feet by subtracting
from the length of their limbs; instead of length she gives stoutness to the legs
and breadth to the feet. Broad feet are more useful than long for pushing away
the water when they are swimming.
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div id=“section18” class=“section” title=“18”>
18
There is reason, too, for winged creatures having feet, but fish none. The
former have their home in the dry medium, and cannot remain always in mid
air; they must therefore have feet. Fish on the contrary live in the wet
medium, and take in water, not air. Fins are useful for swimming, but feet not.
And if they had both they would be non-sanguineous. There is a broad
similarity between birds and fishes in the organs of locomotion. Birds have
their wings on the superior part, similarly fish have two pectoral fins; again,
birds have legs on their under parts and near the wings; similarly, most fish
have two fins on the under parts and near the pectorals. Birds, too, have a tail
and fish a tail-fin.
<
div id=“section19” class=“section” title=“19”>
19
A difficulty may be suggested as to the movements of molluscs, that is, as
to where that movement originates; for they have no distinction of left and
1379
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book The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Title
- The Complete Aristotle
- Author
- Aristotle
- Date
- ~322 B.C.
- Language
- English
- License
- PD
- Size
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Pages
- 2328
- Keywords
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Categories
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Table of contents
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156