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specimens full of roe, have been seen. Of this, however, we have as yet no
proof worthy of credit. Again, some members of the class of fishes are neither
male nor female, as eels and a kind of mullets found in stagnant waters. But
whenever the sexes are separate the female cannot generate perfectly by
herself alone, for then the male would exist in vain, and Nature makes nothing
in vain. Hence in such animals the male always perfects the work of
generation, for he imparts the sensitive soul, either by means of the semen or
without it. Now the parts of the embryo already exist potentially in the
material, and so when once the principle of movement has been imparted to
them they develop in a chain one after another, as the wheels are moved one
by another in the automatic machines. When some of the natural philosophers
say that like is brought to like, this must be understood, not in the sense that
the parts are moved as changing place, but that they stay where they are and
the movement is a change of quality (such as softness, hardness, colour, and
the other differences of the homogeneous parts); thus they become in actuality
what they previously were in potentiality. And what comes into being first is
the first principle; this is the heart in the sanguinea and its analogue in the
rest, as has been often said already. This is plain not only to the senses (that it
is first to come into being), but also in view of its end; for life fails in the
heart last of all, and it happens in all cases that what comes into being last
fails first, and the first last, Nature running a double course, so to say, and
turning back to the point from whence she started. For the process of
becoming is from the non-existent to the existent, and that of perishing is
back again from the existent to the non-existent.
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6
After this, as said already, the internal parts come into being before the
external. The greater become visible before the less, even if some of them do
not come into being before them. First the parts above the hypozoma are
differentiated and are superior in size; the part below is both smaller and less
differentiated. This happens in all animals in which exists the distinction of
upper and lower, except in the insects; the growth of those that produce a
scolex is towards the upper part, for this is smaller in the beginning. The
cephalopoda are the only locomotive animals in which the distinction of
upper and lower does not exist.
What has been said applies to plants also, that the upper portion is earlier in
development than the lower, for the roots push out from the seed before the
1430
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book The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Title
- The Complete Aristotle
- Author
- Aristotle
- Date
- ~322 B.C.
- Language
- English
- License
- PD
- Size
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Pages
- 2328
- Keywords
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Categories
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Table of contents
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156