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state the causes of generation and destruction, and in giving a physical
account of all things, they do away with the cause of movement. Further, they
err in not positing the substance, i.e. the essence, as the cause of anything, and
besides this in lightly calling any of the simple bodies except earth the first
principle, without inquiring how they are produced out of one anothers-I
mean fire, water, earth, and air. For some things are produced out of each
other by combination, others by separation, and this makes the greatest
difference to their priority and posteriority. For (1) in a way the property of
being most elementary of all would seem to belong to the first thing from
which they are produced by combination, and this property would belong to
the most fine-grained and subtle of bodies. For this reason those who make
fire the principle would be most in agreement with this argument. But each of
the other thinkers agrees that the element of corporeal things is of this sort. At
least none of those who named one element claimed that earth was the
element, evidently because of the coarseness of its grain. (Of the other three
elements each has found some judge on its side; for some maintain that fire,
others that water, others that air is the element. Yet why, after all, do they not
name earth also, as most men do? For people say all things are earth Hesiod
says earth was produced first of corporeal things; so primitive and popular has
the opinion been.) According to this argument, then, no one would be right
who either says the first principle is any of the elements other than fire, or
supposes it to be denser than air but rarer than water. But (2) if that which is
later in generation is prior in nature, and that which is concocted and
compounded is later in generation, the contrary of what we have been saying
must be true,-water must be prior to air, and earth to water.
So much, then, for those who posit one cause such as we mentioned; but
the same is true if one supposes more of these, as Empedocles says matter of
things is four bodies. For he too is confronted by consequences some of
which are the same as have been mentioned, while others are peculiar to him.
For we see these bodies produced from one another, which implies that the
same body does not always remain fire or earth (we have spoken about this in
our works on nature); and regarding the cause of movement and the question
whether we must posit one or two, he must be thought to have spoken neither
correctly nor altogether plausibly. And in general, change of quality is
necessarily done away with for those who speak thus, for on their view cold
will not come from hot nor hot from cold. For if it did there would be
something that accepted the contraries themselves, and there would be some
one entity that became fire and water, which Empedocles denies.
As regards Anaxagoras, if one were to suppose that he said there were two
elements, the supposition would accord thoroughly with an argument which
Anaxagoras himself did not state articulately, but which he must have
1531
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book The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Title
- The Complete Aristotle
- Author
- Aristotle
- Date
- ~322 B.C.
- Language
- English
- License
- PD
- Size
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Pages
- 2328
- Keywords
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Categories
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Table of contents
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156