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passes over into oligarchy; for in doing so he is not acting in accordance with
their respective worth, and not ruling in virtue of his superiority. Sometimes,
however, women rule, because they are heiresses; so their rule is not in virtue
of excellence but due to wealth and power, as in oligarchies. The association
of brothers is like timocracy; for they are equal, except in so far as they differ
in age; hence if they differ much in age, the friendship is no longer of the
fraternal type. Democracy is found chiefly in masterless dwellings (for here
every one is on an equality), and in those in which the ruler is weak and every
one has licence to do as he pleases.
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11
Each of the constitutions may be seen to involve friendship just in so far as
it involves justice. The friendship between a king and his subjects depends on
an excess of benefits conferred; for he confers benefits on his subjects if being
a good man he cares for them with a view to their well-being, as a shepherd
does for his sheep (whence Homer called Agamemnon âshepherd of the
peoplesâ). Such too is the friendship of a father, though this exceeds the other
in the greatness of the benefits conferred; for he is responsible for the
existence of his children, which is thought the greatest good, and for their
nurture and upbringing.
These things are ascribed to ancestors as well. Further, by nature a father
tends to rule over his sons, ancestors over descendants, a king over his
subjects. These friendships imply superiority of one party over the other,
which is why ancestors are honoured. The justice therefore that exists
between persons so related is not the same on both sides but is in every case
proportioned to merit; for that is true of the friendship as well. The friendship
of man and wife, again, is the same that is found in an aristocracy; for it is in
accordance with virtue the better gets more of what is good, and each gets
what befits him; and so, too, with the justice in these relations. The friendship
of brothers is like that of comrades; for they are equal and of like age, and
such persons are for the most part like in their feelings and their character.
Like this, too, is the friendship appropriate to timocratic government; for in
such a constitution the ideal is for the citizens to be equal and fair; therefore
rule is taken in turn, and on equal terms; and the friendship appropriate here
will correspond.
But in the deviation-forms, as justice hardly exists, so too does friendship.
It exists least in the worst form; in tyranny there is little or no friendship. For
1884
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book The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Title
- The Complete Aristotle
- Author
- Aristotle
- Date
- ~322 B.C.
- Language
- English
- License
- PD
- Size
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Pages
- 2328
- Keywords
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Categories
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Table of contents
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156