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rich who are wanted to be judges are compelled to attend under pain of a fine,
whereas in deinocracies the poor are paid to attend. And this practice of
oligarchies should be adopted by democracies in their public assemblies, for
they will advise better if they all deliberate together—the people with the
notables and the notables with the people. It is also a good plan that those
who deliberate should be elected by vote or by lot in equal numbers out of the
different classes; and that if the people greatly exceed in number those who
have political training, pay should not be given to all, but only to as many as
would balance the number of the notables, or that the number in excess
should be eliminated by lot. But in oligarchies either certain persons should
be co-opted from the mass, or a class of officers should be appointed such as
exist in some states who are termed probuli and guardians of the law; and the
citizens should occupy themselves exclusively with matters on which these
have previously deliberated; for so the people will have a share in the
deliberations of the state, but will not be able to disturb the principles of the
constitution. Again, in oligarchies either the people ought to accept the
measures of the government, or not to pass anything contrary to them; or, if
all are allowed to share in counsel, the decision should rest with the
magistrates. The opposite of what is done in constitutional governments
should be the rule in oligarchies; the veto of the majority should be final, their
assent not final, but the proposal should be referred back to the magistrates.
Whereas in constitutional governments they take the contrary course; the few
have the negative, not the affirmative power; the affirmation of everything
rests with the multitude.
These, then, are our conclusions respecting the deliberative, that is, the
supreme element in states.
XV
Next we will proceed to consider the distribution of offices; this too, being
a part of politics concerning which many questions arise: What shall their
number be? Over what shall they preside, and what shall be their duration?
Sometimes they last for six months, sometimes for less; sometimes they are
annual, while in other cases offices are held for still longer periods. Shall they
be for life or for a long term of years; or, if for a short term only, shall the
same persons hold them over and over again, or once only? Also about the
appointment to them—from whom are they to be chosen, by whom, and how?
We should first be in a position to say what are the possible varieties of them,
and then we may proceed to determine which are suited to different forms of
government. But what are to be included under the term ‘offices’? That is a
question not quite so easily answered. For a political community requires
2017
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book The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Title
- The Complete Aristotle
- Author
- Aristotle
- Date
- ~322 B.C.
- Language
- English
- License
- PD
- Size
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Pages
- 2328
- Keywords
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Categories
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156