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exist. This line of proof assumes generally that the result of any given thing is
always the same: e.g. ‘you are going to decide not about Isocrates, but about
the value of the whole profession of philosophy.’ Or, ‘to give earth and water’
means slavery; or, ‘to share in the Common Peace’ means obeying orders. We
are to make either such assumptions or their opposite, as suits us best.
18. Another line of argument is based on the fact that men do not always
make the same choice on a later as on an earlier occasion, but reverse their
previous choice. E.g. the following enthymeme: ‘When we were exiles, we
fought in order to return; now we have returned, it would be strange to choose
exile in order not to have to fight.’ one occasion, that is, they chose to be true
to their homes at the cost of fighting, and on the other to avoid fighting at the
cost of deserting their homes.
19. Another line of argument is the assertion that some possible motive for
an event or state of things is the real one: e.g. that a gift was given in order to
cause pain by its withdrawal. This notion underlies the lines:
God gives to many great prosperity,
Not of good God towards them, but to make
The ruin of them more conspicuous.
Or take the passage from the Meleager of Antiphon:
To slay no boar, but to be witnesses
Of Meleager’s prowess unto Greece.
Or the argument in the Ajax of Theodectes, that Diomede chose out
Odysseus not to do him honour, but in order that his companion might be a
lesser man than himself-such a motive for doing so is quite possible.
20. Another line of argument is common to forensic and deliberative
oratory, namely, to consider inducements and deterrents, and the motives
people have for doing or avoiding the actions in question. These are the
conditions which make us bound to act if they are for us, and to refrain from
action if they are against us: that is, we are bound to act if the action is
possible, easy, and useful to ourselves or our friends or hurtful to our enemies;
this is true even if the action entails loss, provided the loss is outweighed by
the solid advantage. A speaker will urge action by pointing to such conditions,
and discourage it by pointing to the opposite. These same arguments also
form the materials for accusation or defence-the deterrents being pointed out
by the defence, and the inducements by the prosecution. As for the defence,…
This topic forms the whole Art of Rhetoric both of Pamphilus and of
Callippus.
2251
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book The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Title
- The Complete Aristotle
- Author
- Aristotle
- Date
- ~322 B.C.
- Language
- English
- License
- PD
- Size
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Pages
- 2328
- Keywords
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Categories
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Table of contents
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156